Supporting Case, African American Essay Example for Free

Supporting Case, African American Essay dot 1Student responses will vary. Write a memo to all staff in the department asking staff to come in and introduce themselves . Item 2 Write this tuition in note to self-importance. Recently SSS parcel has lost two key personnel, Michael Grant and Janice Ramos from health and hospitals, and finance and banking. How in short will the organization replace Janice Ramos? And with an internal or external hire? Item 3Memo to Paula Sprague thanking her for this information. It will be valued and kept confidential. This is important for me to have the insight and background of each of these managers to better understand their needs and what can be do to improve upon a team effort. Item 5C copy No response. Item 6Voice mail or e-mail to Harry Withers regarding this issue as soon as possible. Item 7 Call Jim Bishop regarding this issue. Set up meeting if needed. Get additional information from Jose Martinez. Item 8 Voice mail to Armand to assig n up assigning as soon as possible regarding this issue.Get copies of complaints if possible how many. Item 9 Voice mail to Pat to set up lunch date. Item 10 Memo to Bob Miller to discuss this issue. Need more information as to what was said in the joke. Item 11 Phone call to Lorraine Adams from Westside Hospital regarding conversion of existing software. preeminence to self Michael has offered to do this work (Universal Business Solutions, Inc. ) Memo to Paula Sprague, Soto and Woo on C. A. R. E project.Need them and Wilson, if able for project or someone equally qualified FOR Westside Hospital. Item 12 Voice mail to Roosevelt Moore to set up an appointment to talk about this issue. Note to self Get information on work record and review before meeting with Roosevelt. Item 13 email or voice mail to set up meeting with Jose Martinez. Get his side of issue then talk with Jim Bishop. Item 14Note to self John Small recommending Mala Abendano for the position vacated by Janice Ramos. John is involved with Mala.Check work record on Mala. Ask for Paulas opinion on the social occasion if Mala applies for position. Item 15E-mail to Roger regarding meeting. Note to self review memo of October 15, from Paula Sprague on the management team personnel to propose a group to go to Kenya. Item 16E-mail to Sharon Shapiro thanking her for the information. Note to self Sharon will keep me updated on the sexual joke issue. May need to review sexual harassment issue with staff. Item 17No response. Keep for information only.

Hunger Games essay Essay Example for Free

Hunger Games essay EssayThe Hunger Games is a fictional book, which establishes the relationship between the protagonist Katniss, and the protagonist Peeta. Katniss is a 16 year aged girl who lives in District twelve, Panem. She is the sole provider for her family and competes in the Hunger Games, a game where two people from each of the twelve districts are chosen to fight to the death. Peeta is a 16 year old boy who is also from District Twelve who competes in the Hunger Games with Katniss. Throughout the book on that point is immense debate on whether Katniss and Peeta are in love, or not in love.Katniss pretends to be in love with Peeta because it helps her in the Games, and it is an act of survival. Peeta on the other cave in is profoundly in love with Katniss. Throughout the book Katniss often finds herself making multiple references back to her friend, Gale, who has been her best friend for years. She wonders what life would be like with Gale. Katniss pretends to be in love with Peeta. She sees it as her only way of survival in the Games. When she and Peeta are in an affectionate state, the Capitol audience is entertained.This results in her and Peeta getting both nutrition and messages from their mentor Haymitch and their sponsors. Luckily, they entertain the audience enough to survive the games but towards the end of the book Peeta says to Katniss, It was all for the games, how you acted. (Pg. 372) This is legitimate proof that Katniss only pretended to be in love with Peeta. Based on much evidence from the book, it is revealed that Peeta is deeply in love with Katniss. Prior to the beginning of the Games, both Katniss and Peeta had to take part in a pre-game interview.In Peetas interview, he tells the audience how winning the games would not help his situation because he is deeply in love with Katniss. Katniss was not happy with Peetas statement, but later in the book calmly asks him, Peeta, you said at the interview youd had a crush on m e forever. When did forever start? (Pg. 300) Peeta responded, Oh allows see. I guess the first day of school. We were five. You had on a red plaid dress and your hair it was in two braids instead of one. My experience pointed your out. (Pg.300) This is the most heart-felt moment between the two however Katniss only asked Peeta the question because she knew she had to keep entertaining the audience. Her strategy to manipulate Peetas emotions was a great favour to her game. Katniss often makes references back to her friend Gale, her long time best friend that is back home in District Twelve. She has mixed feelings about him because when Katniss was about to parting for the games, Gale was saying good bye to Katniss and was cut short with the slamming of a threshold.There are many misinterpretations about what Gale was trying to say to Katniss. Most people, including Katniss, think that he was about to say I love you. This unfinished sentence disturbs Katniss during the games wh en she has mixed feelings about Peeta. Katniss thinks to herself, Gales not my boyfriend, but would he be, if I opened that door? (Pg. 280) Any person who is truly in love would not be thinking about other men in this way. Throughout the Hunger Games there is great talk on whether Katniss and Peeta are in love, or not.Katniss pretends to be in love with Peeta because it helps her in the Games, and she uses it as an act of survival. Peeta on the other hand, is deeply in love with Katniss. During the book Katniss often finds herself making multiple mentions back to her friend, Gale, who has been her best friend and hunting buddy for years. She wonders what life would be like if she was with him. besides conclude, Katniss and Peeta are not meant to be. They have completely different individualities and although it may seem that their pretend love is mutual, it is not.

Can Parental Involvement be promoted effectively

Can p arental Involvement be promoted potentlyThis palingenesis aims to contemplate some of the fundamental deals that extremity to be addressed in order for rails to promote PI efficaciously. It starts by placing PI deep down a political and historical setting. It then discusses the difficulty in be PI and how differing perceptions might actu exclusivelyy pose as a barrier to promoting it marrowively in aims. The review goes on to explore twain theories/ mock ups of PI (Epstein, Hoover-Dempsey Sandler) which are thought to merit initiateicular ingestation in terms of rails developing a framework conducive to the efficient onward motion of PI. Communication is to a fault discussed in order to highlight some of the basic issues in take aims surrounding this res publica and some of the strategies that might enhance it.The review concludes that some of the language associated with PI stooge be ambiguous and therefore problematic due to the differing perceptions of me aning. It is important for schools, names and pupils to all agree on a rendering of terms and this is presumable to be unique to every school. It is in every case suggested that in order for schools to promote participation effectively, it is best to throw a framework in place which takes account of sociological and psychological featureors regarding the agencies involved. The theories/models of Epstein and Hoover-Dempsey provide white plagueful tools for schools in developing an individualised framework designed to accommodate the various dimensions associated with PI, including those advocated by the Scottish Government. However, care has to be interpreted so that frameworks do not fail too pre-occupied with the goals of the school at the expense of the necessarily of pupils and parents.Successful PI depends largely on the level and suit of talk between schools and homes. If schools do not seek to utilise strategies which en fit deeper two way communication with parents then it is unlikely that any attempts to promote it give be effective in the long term.RationaleThe division between home and school was a very clear superstar, marked symbolically by the white line in the playground which parents were not expected to cross (Edwards Redfern, 1988, p.11).The white line symbolising a division between home and school is no longer visible in playgrounds, but does this legacy live on through what could be interpreted as a lack of inscription in schools towards building solid working relationships with all parents?The benefits of Parental Involvement(PI) in pedagogy are widely recognised and there is now consensus regarding a marry between the higher up and positive assimilator achievement (Desforges Abouchaar, 2003), with home participation in particular thought to have the greatest touch on (Desforges Abouchaar, 2003, Harris Goodall, 2007). Nevertheless, accounting for this knowledge, it could be verbalize that many schools still grapple when it comes to creating and sustaining an environment which prove parents whole step part of the school community.Having experienced some clip in schools as twain parent and teacher, I have observed the difficulties a school faces when trying to promote the interlocking of parents in school life, as well as the difficulties parents shadow face when trying to become accepted as part of the school community. I was a member of a parent school federation for two grades within my childrens ancient school. Six was the highest number of parent members at any one time out of a school that had a jog of 350 children. I am in any case now a member of the Parent Council in my childrens secondary school and there are currently only heptad parent members out of a school with a roll of 750 children. Although it is acknowledged that creation involved in ones childs nurture does not have to include a presence in the categorizeroom or being a member of a formal body, the above obse rvations might make some question how effective schools are at promoting PI and if there is, in prevalent, a lack of real commitment or understanding at a basic level, towards promoting and embedding it in substantial school practice.My personal experiences in schools as both parent and student teacher have served to fuel my interest within this area of education. thence my involvement in my own childrens education has played a major factor in constituent me find the confidence to return to higher education and embark on a teaching career. I have experienced firsthand how involving parents place be mutually beneficial for all concerned. I swear that my re anticipate into this area will further my own professional development by providing me with insight and knowledge for maintaining positive relationships with all parents as well as insight into how involvement can be promoted most effectively in primary schools.Introduction and MethodologyResearch, Government legislation and accountability are for sure some of the reasons why PI can no longer be regarded as token gesture and it could be state that schools are well familiar on appropriate strategies for promoting it. Despite this, many still appear to struggle when it comes to developing and sustaining meaningful PI in practice as well as policy. Consequently, this raises the question How can Parental Involvement be promoted effectively in primary schools?Within contemporary education there is an understanding that the word parent is taken to mean any person who has primary responsibility regarding the care of a child not necessarily the natural parents. (Education trifle 1996).The above definition will therefore accommodate the word parent where utilize in this penning.The Scottish Government indicates a distinction between PI at school and PI at home and gives recognition to the fact that successful involvement is dependent on effective relationships between homes and schools (Scottish Executive 2006 SEED, 2006). For the purpose of this paper, the effective promotion of PI will therefore be taken to mean that schools maintain a degree of success in building meaningful relationships with parents whilst encouraging them to become involved in their childrens education both at school and at home.Accounting for demographics, socio-economic factors, cultural ends and individuality, what might be considered effective for one school promoting the involvement of parents might not be for another. Indeed it could be said that to apply a one size fits all approach is tantamount to denying children the right to be treated as individuals. Individual children have individual parents after all (Crozier, 2001). However, this review is based on the premise that there are basic matters relating to PI which are common to all schools and it is only by initially addressing such(prenominal) plantational matters that schools can begin to promote it effectively.The following review endeavours to give an insight into the above by highlighting various definitions and dimensions of PI, examining two influential theories and models, as well as exploring some of the issues surrounding communication. Some contemplation will as well be given to addressing these issues in practice. Any literary productions that did not indicate relative information on the above was duly disregarded.The paper is informed by the review of selected national and international literature including books, government documents, government policies, research papers and reports, previous literature reviews, and academic journal articles accessed via Athens. The literature has been sourced from libraries, internet searches, and searching databases such as ERIC, Informaworld and Emerald. Key words or phrases aimd wereParental involvementParental engagementParent school partnershipsPerceptionsHome school communication acknowledgment lists from relevant articles and books were also used to help refine sear ches and identify key experts and theorists within this electron orbit. Two experts whose names were recurring features in almost every search and reference list were the Americans, Epstein and Hoover-Dempsey. Their work was therefore probed further for this paper and it was decided it was applicable and indeed appeared to have been influential within the current Scottish PI background. Crozier was also identified as a notable British act.Apart from outlining a history of PI, it was the intention to keep any literature as current as possible. However, one must account for the fact that there appears to have been a surge in the amount of interest and theories on PI during the late 1980s 1990s and as a consequence, this is the era where some of the important work regarding this area lies. Some of the theories and work model forward during this time still hold strong. Specifically, Epstein and Hoover-Dempsey appear to be continually referred to in even the most recent of literatur e. It has therefore been considered justifiable to include relevant literature, where appropriate, that may kick the bucket the recommended 10 year threshold.Parental Involvement A Historical ContextParental involvement within education has been emerging since the untimely twentieth century. Margaret McMillan, a Christian socialist, born in America to Scottish parents, was one of the first to highlight the grandness of parental influence within education, especially in the early years (Fitzgerald, 2004).In the United Kingdom, PI was first given emphasis as a possible factor in the improvement of primary education by Lady Plowden (Fitzgerald, 2004). Her report was written on the basis of a review commissioned by the Central Advisory Council for Education in the 1960s, relating to children and their primary schools. In it, she set out numerous recommendations for enhancing education in England. For instance, she advocated that the individual child should be at the heart of an educat ion system that promotes creativity and spontaneity. She also suggested that improving the relationship between parents and schools was a key element for progression (Central Advisory Council for Education, 1967). Although criticised by many at the time (Gillard, 2004), Browne suggests that this report was nookie many of the aspects of PI which are still evident today. For example, school reports, choice regarding the schools that parents send their children to, parents evenings, PTAs (now replaced by parent forums and councils in some countries) and school open geezerhood are all still common place (Browne Haylock, 2004). It could be said that many elements of her report appear to be evident today guidance on the new Scottish Curriculum for Excellence also emphasises creativity, the importance of educating the individual child as a whole and the need for parents to be part of this mathematical operation (Scottish Government, 2008).On a social level, the 1980s saw a shift within Western culture between professionals and everyday large number. This resulted in the emergence of parents as consumers in education and schools were therefore destined to become accountable to parents as well as governments and local authorities. (Merttens et al., 1996).This is certain to have contributed towards the rising status of PI in Britain during the 1980s. However, on an educational level, Brown Haylock (2004) cite several research reports, within the area of reading specifically, as having a significant jolt on attitudes towards PI at this time. Some of these reports include the Haringey Project (Tizard et al., 1982 cited in Brown Haylock, 2004)) and the Belfield Reading Project (Hannon Jackson 1987 cited in Brown Haylock, 2004). Both these reports (and similar studies) prove that childrens reading achievement and motivation in school were likely to be higher when parents were involved in reading to their children as well as helping with reading at home. Research s uch as this has ensured that the PI movement has been gaining momentum over the past few decades, helped by the agreement of Governments regarding the benefits associated with it. Parents in Scotland can also expect to be consulted as part of HMIE school inspections.International and National PolicyRecent government strategies aimed at improving education in many countries are a reflection of how important PI is now perceived to be internationally. For example, Americas No Child Left Behind Act NCLB highlights beef up partnerships between schools and parents as a key component in its strategic plan to improve education ( US department of Education, 2001) as does The Schooling dodge in New Zealand (Ministry of Education, 2005). The same year also saw the UK government release the white paper Higher Standards, Better Schools for All. It too emphasised the importance of schools communicating with parents (Her Majestys Government, 2005). Focusing on the Scottish context, this was just ahead of Scotlands Scottish Schools (Parental Involvement) Act 2006 which made it a legal responsibility of every education consent in Scotland to promote the involvement of parents in the education of their children (Scottish Executive, 2006).This act links to and builds on many other Scottish legislative policies. For example The standards in Scotlands Schools Act (SEED 2000) and Education, (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 (Seed 2004) also give recognition to the important role parents can play in their childrens education.What is Parental Involvement?Parental involvement is a phrase that is generally used when referring to the role parents play in their childrens education. There appears to be no universal definition. It can mean different things to different people and this in itself may prove problematic for research and implementation. The current Scottish Government guidelines intonate that PI should include 3 specific dimensions Learning at home, Home/ school partnership, and Parental representation (Scottish Executive, 2006). Learning at home covers strategies to help parents to support their childrens learning and development at home. Home/school partnership is close promoting the idea of education being a shared responsibility and encouraging parents to engage with their childs school and education, and Parental representation is about ensuring that the views of parents are put forward and considered i.e. parent forums and councils (Scottish Executive, 2006).Harris Goodall (2007) argue that the phrase Parental Involvement constitutes little value in terms of helping improve education and raise achievement. They use the phrase Parental Engagement (PE) and see this as being distinct from involvement. They make the point that Parental involvement can encompass a whole range of activities with or within the school, but if they are not directly connected to learning then they will have little impact on pupil achievement (Harris G oodall, 2007, p.6).If promoting PI effectively in schools were to be defined by the measurement of how successful it can be in improving student achievement alone then this point might be indisputable. However, as pointed out in Crozier (2000), it is a complex concept involving relationships, behaviours, actions and attitudes therefore promoting it effectively in schools surely must take account of all 4 of the above. Although PI as defined by Harris Goodall may have little effect on raising student achievement (which is likely to be a desired result in most schools), they do concede that getting parents into the school is an important first step towards building positive relationships between the two parties (Harris Goodall, 2007). PI will therefore continue to be the general term used in this paper.Parents as PartnersMuch is made of the word partnership when involving parents in education. The Scottish Government, along with many other countries, advocates that schools should em brace parents as partners. However, one also has to be careful about the meaning of this word (Katyal Evers, 2007 Crozier, 2000 Crozier Reay, 2005). For some, the word partnership might suggest equal responsibility between parent and teacher regarding the education of children. This could be off- putting for parents they may feel they lack the confidence and knowledge to assume such a role. For others partnership could suggest more government agency to parents and this could be off -putting for teachers they might feel that their professional status is under threat in some way (Crozier, 2000).Perhaps the definition of partnership suggested by Armstrong (1995) cited in Hodge Runswick-Cole (2008, p 638) is one for schools to consider within the context of promoting PI. Armstrong suggests that partnership should imply Mutual respect, complimentary expertise and a willingness to learn from each other. This seems to capture the philia that teachers are experts in education and pare nts are experts in their own children.In summary, the literature examined above appears to highlight ambiguity within some of the language associated with PI. This could mayhap be detrimental to any efforts to promote it effectively. A heart common to all schools might be individual establishments need to think carefully about how they define this concept, in terms of what is legally expected of them, in terms of how it might be construed by parents and professionals, and in terms of what goals it is hoped will be achieved by promoting it.Two TheoriesThere are many theories regarding PI two in particular seem to have had major influence, remaining dominant in literature over the years. It is perhaps of no coincidence then that both appear to stand out as imploring specific relevance within the context of schools working effectively with parents. One seeks to explain parental participation mainly from a socio-ecological perspective and the other primarily from a psychological viewpo int.A sociological PerspectiveJoyce Epstein, founder and now director of The National Network of Partnership Schools and the Centre for School, Family and Community Partnerships in America, is a leading figure in the field of PI and has produced a wealth of research- based literature. Epstein appears to focus on a socio-ecological approach which has links to Bronfenbrenners meso-system relating to ecological theory and the interrelationships between children, peers, family and school (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, cited in Doherty Hughes, 2009). She argues that social club has overlapping spheres of influence connected to education. These overlapping spheres of influence are within schools, families and communities (Epstein et al 2002). She puts forward the term school, family and community partnerships and emphasises the idea of education and socialisation being a shared responsibility between these 3 agencies. (Epstein et al 2002).Epstein sets out a comprehensive, multi-dimensional fram ework, highlighting six main types of PI parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, conclusiveness making, and collaborating with the community. Her book Schools, Family and Community Partnerships Your Handbook for Action- gives detailed definitions of each type and the challenges that go with them see Epstein et al. (2002) P 14-15 She suggests that categorising possible contributions in this way can help to accommodate all social circumstances, therefore allowing all parents to become involved in their childrens education (Epstein et al., 2002). On the other hand, it is unrealistic for all parents to want or be able to become involved in all six of these areas and Epstein advises schools of the need to tailor this paradigm in order to meet the individual goals and needs of the parents, pupils and schools.Epstein intonates that PI is likely to be more successful when promoted as part of a whole school initiative, in correlation with the goals of the school. For inst ance, if the goal of the school for a particular year is to improve achievement in maths, she recommends that any participation should be conducive to this goal. It could be said that this also helps to convey the message that parents are important and part of the school plan. She talks of an Action team of representatives involved in any partnership and recommends a yearly review of goals. In Scottish schools, it might make sense to try and tie this in with any existing parent councils. There is, however, research (Henderson Mapp, 2002) which shows formal PI is likely to include middle class parents, with working class parents more inclined to be involved at home. The Henderson Mapp study focused on a sample of American parents but nonetheless, these results might question the extent of which parent councils in Scotland are representative of the diversity in Scottish society. The Scottish Government has perhaps tried to address this issue by making all parents automatic members o f a Parent Forum, allowing them to approach the Parent Council at any time to raise concerns regarding school issues. However, there appears to be no studies in Scotland at the moment attempting to find out if all parents are satisfied with the Parent Forum/Council set up. This may be an area for further research within Scottish schools.This said, Epsteins theory and model appears to be consistent with Scottish Government guidelines on PI. Despite the fact that it is written by an American and therefore more likely to be aimed at American Policy, it does seem to promote the aspects involvement that have been emphasised in the Scottish Parental Involvement Act (Learning at home, Home/school partnership and Parental representation), it does give emphasis to partnerships with parents and community as advocated by CfE (Scottish Government, 2008) and it does seem to be universal to the differing goals and interpretations surrounding PI.A Psychological PerspectiveHoover- Dempsey Sandler (1997) whilst acknowledging the impact of social interactions, highlight a psychological perspective.They conducted a study into why parents become involved (or not) in their childrens education three psychological constructs are identified. The first is parents role construction this takes account of what parents actually believe their role should be in their childrens education, including activities and time played out with their children learning. The authors suggest that this is likely to have been influenced by parents own experiences of school and how involved their parents were. The second is parents sense of efficacy this is defined as the extent to which parents believe they can make a difference to the outcome of their childs achievement by being involved in their education. (Hoover-Dempsey Sandler, 1997) It could be argued that school-based practice can make a difference to negative attitudes by educating parents about the benefits of contributions. A study, carried out by the Scottish Executive in 2005, found that Scottish parents were happy to maintain a documentation role in their childrens education and felt that it was the teachers who should have the principal role. However, it also concluded that many parents were unaware of the potential positive impact their involvement could have on their childrens education. They may also often be unaware of schools expectations of them regarding involvement issues such as homework (Deslandes Rousseau, 2007). Perhaps if parents were more aware of their potential impact and of what schools expect, they might be inclined to want more involvement. Maybe in order to promote PI effectively, schools need to try harder in attempting to get this message across to all parents. This is consistent with be the view of Harris Goodall (2008) who bring the question Do parents know they matter? They concluded the above article by stating that effective parental involvement will not happen unless Parents know the di fference that they make, and unless schools actively reinforce that all parents matter. (Harris Goodall, 2008, p.287).Finally, the third construct identified by Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler is general invitations, demands and opportunities for involvement.This relates to how parents perceive their involvement to be wanted by the school and the child. (Hoover-Dempsey Sandler, 1997). Although the attitude of parents towards the school is very important to the successful promotion of PI, schools should not underestimate the influence of the attitude of the school towards parents. They need to attempt to reach out to all parents and provide opportunities for involvement.This theory/model stresses the need to consider the beliefs and attitudes of individual parents and the roles they construct for themselves .The model was revised in 2005 and identified a need for a distinction to be made between PI at home and PI in school when considering the above. (Green et al., 2007).The Scottish Go vernment also appears to acknowledge this distinction (Scottish Executive, 2006), indicating that schools should promote involvement at home and at school, in an attempt to accommodate the roles that parents feel most comfortable with.Differing perceptionsThe above serves to highlight what might be seen as a criticism of Epsteins framework. It could be said that although her theory provides a very effectual model for participation, which promotes a multi-dimensional approach, it could be interpreted as being very school focused and perhaps does not pay comely attention to the needs and perspectives of parents or how they perceive their role within the school and their childrens education. Barge Loges (2003) Lawson, (2003) Poulou Matsagouras (2007) and Harris Goodall (2008) all give emphasis to the differences in perceptions of PI between teachers, students and parents. While most studies found that all parties agree it is important that parents are involved in childrens educati on, Lawson (2003) concluded that the ideas of what this involvement should entail were significantly different. Crucially, Barge Loges warn of the dangers of assuming that all parties are on a par as far as parents and involvement is concerned and point out that The differences among these groups expectations can influence the success of implementing parental involvement programmes, (Barges Loges, 2003, p.142).Some might say that this points to a need for individual schools to adopt a collegiality approach and engage in discussion and collaboration with parents, teachers, and students where appropriate, about the goals of the school and expectations of any PI policy or activity.CommunicationExperts agree communication is critical to the success of PI (Epstein et al. 2002 Desforges, 2003 Hughes Greenhough, 2006 Harris Goodall, 2007 Katyal Evers 2007) and there are many issues surrounding it. It is beyond the parameters of this paper to even attempt to address them all. However, while maintaining a focus on basics, it is thought the following is pertinent to promoting PI effectively in primary schools. forrader going any further, it might be useful to consider the meaning of communication. Katyal Evers (2007) acknowledge the complexity of this word with regards to interpretation. It can simply mean the giving or exchange of information, signals or messages or on a deeper level it needs to account for the effect the message has on the receiver (Berger 1995 cited in Katyal Evers, 2007, p.67). It could be said that all schools need to contemplate the latter if PI is to be promoted effectively. Superficial communication is unlikely to instil the trust or mutual respect that is mandatory for building solid relationships.Hughes Greenhough (2006) found that schools on the whole are good at giving information to parents regarding activities and events but are less inclined to ask for parental perspectives or opinions. They compare their findings with the views o f Hallgarten. He intonated that information in schools was designed to Increase the flow of information from school to home rather than promote communication between home and school (Hallgarten 2000 cited in Hughes Greenhough, 2006 p. 472).This is suggestive of a lack of regular two-way communication perhaps indicating that strategies enabling information from homes to be go byd to the school are not being considered enough. Katyal Evers (2007), point out that teachers may gain valuable information, about their pupils, by communicating with parents in informal situations. It could be said that in order for this to happen, teachers need to give parents the impression that they are approachable and available they have to be visible. Hence, a simple strategy might be for teachers to spend 5 or 10 minutes in the playground before and after school. Once or twice per week could be enough to initiate some valuable two-way communication with parents .Some schools also hold parent breakfa sts which the head or deputy attend. This also promotes 2-way communication in a more informal setting which makes the management team visible to parents.A decade into the 21st century and some might say it is imperative that schools consider the use of technology to promote communication and involve parents. Clay (2005) stresses the importance of teachers moving with the times and finding ways of integrating the use of technology to communicate with parents. She cites school web sites, interactive home-work web pages, phone calls, online learning plans and digital portfolios as ways of keeping parents informed using technology. The Scottish Government also appears to see the potential in using technology to enhance communication with parents and Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education (HMIe) identifies this as good practice within the glow ICT initiative starter pack (HMIe, 2010). Glow is a new ICT initiative in Scotland, forming a national intranet that will help with the implemen tation of Curriculum for Excellence. The pack notes indicate that the use of glow has real potential for improving home-school communication..and, most importantly, allowing greater parental involvement in their childrens learning. A future area of research within PI in Scotland could therefore involve determining the scale of impact glow has had on improving PI in schools. Of course an ethical regard would have to be that not all parents have access to a computer.As parents develop busier lifestyles, and at a time when teachers also appear to struggle to find the time to do all that needs doing, Graham-Clay (2005, p 123) cites a valid point made by Brewer Kallick, (1996) Technology also holds reassure to allow teachers communication opportunities not limited by school hours or location.Perhaps, most noteworthy for the effective promotion of PI, Graham -Clay also warns of the need to bear a human touch.ConclusionsIt is hoped that this review has offered a fundamentalist view on how PI can be promoted more effectively in schools.PI is multi-dimensional in nature and should be guided by the needs of individual schools, parents and pupils, as well as research and government legislation. What is therefore deemed to be effective for one school working with parents may not be for another. It is accepted that this review is perhaps critically limited due to the above, as well as the fact that the criteria surrounding it (set word count) did not make it possible to address the wide array of more sophisticated factors (such as cultural differences, language barriers and socio-economic status) that can impact on efforts to include parents. Whilst recognising the above, the paper took the stance that there are however, basic matters regarding PI which demonstrate commonality in all schools and it is often said that attention to the basics is the key to success.Agreement between all parties concerned, regarding a definition of PI and the roles within it, could be con sidered a fundamental issue in promoting it effectively. With regards to defining it, the review indicates that schools need to consider that it c

Drug Delivery Systems for Periodontitis

Drug Delivery Systems for Periodontitis2.0 LITERATURE SURVEY2.1 TECHNIQUEPeriodontitis, a disease involving supportive structures of the teeth prevails in all groups, ethnicities, races and both genders. It is a localised inflammatory response caused by bacterial infection of a periodontal theca associated with subgingival plaque. periodontal diseases include conditions such(prenominal) as chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis and necrotizing periodontitis. Aggressive forms of periodontitis piece of ass be localized or generalized. Antibacterial agents have been used rough-and-readyly in the management of periodontal infection. The effectiveness of mechanical debridement of plaque and repeated topical and systemic administration of antibacterial agents are limited due to the lack of approachability to periodontopathic organisms in the periodontal pocket. Systemic administration of do drugss leads to therapeutic concentrations at the site of infection, but for short peri ods of time, forcing repeated dosing for longer periods. Local delivery of antimicrobials has been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitations of formulaic therapy. The use of bare burning release formulations to deliver antibacterials to the site of infection (periodontal pocket) is gaining interest. These products provide a long-term, effective give-and-take at the site of infection at oftentimes smaller doses. (Kaplish et al. 2013)Formulation and development of a gel based topical dosage form for antimicrobial drug will be proved to be worthwhile like ability to deliver drug more selectively to a specific site, avoidance of gastro-intestinal incompatibility, providing utilization of drugs with short biological half-life, improving physiological and pharmacological response and provide suitability for self medication. (Basavaraj et al. 2012)2.1.1 Periodontal Local Drug DeliveryGoodson et al in 1979 first proposed the concept of controlled delivery in the t reatment of periodontitis. The effectiveness of this form of therapy is that, it reaches the base of periodontal pocket and is maintained for an adequate time for the antimicrobial effect to occur. These delivery systems are also called sustained release, controlled-release, prolonged release, timed release, slow release, sustained action, prolonged action or extended action. There are distinct phases in a periodontal treatment plan where a dental practitioner can use this sustained release device.They are as followsAs an adjunct to Scaling and Root planning.Periodontal maintenance therapy Recurrent periodontitis usually involves only a few teeth. These sites are ideal for the treatment with this device.For whom surgery is not an option or those who renounce surgical treatmentSustained release device is a less invasive treatment option and it requires less time compared to surgical treatment. (Kaplish et al. 2013)2.1.1.1 Types of local drug delivery devicesSustained released device s These are delivery systems whose action lasts less than 24 hours therefore require multiple applications. It follows the first order kinetics.Controlled delivery devices These are the devices which follows nothing order kinetics and whose actions last longer than 24 hours, thereby decreasing the number applications. (Greenstein et al. 2000)2.1.1.2 Advantages of local drug delivery systemProvides drug in an effective concentration that can be maintained there long enough for the desired effect to be accomplished without causing any side effect.It can attain upto 100 fold higher concentration of an antimicrobial agent in subgingival site compared with a systemic therapy.Broad spectrum antibiotics which cannot be employed systemically because of some sideeffects can be safely employed locally with minimum side effects.Superinfection and drug resistance are rare. It also reduces the risk of developing drug disgusting microbial populations at non oral body sites.The potentials of daily drug placement into periodontal pockets as a part of home self care outgrowth can be performed by a compliant patient.This route may employ antimicrobial agents not suit fitted for systemic administration such as various broad spectrum antiseptics solutions. e.g. chlorhexidineImprove the patient compliance. (Slots et al. 1996 and Chadha et al. 2012)2.1.1.3 Disadvantages of local delivery systemInaccessible and deeper pocket areas, furcations cannot be completely dealt with antimicrobial agents.Time consuming and laborious, if many sites are involved.Non-sustained local delivery is limited by an only brief exposure of targeted microorganisms to applied antimicrobial agent.Connective tissue associated plaque and extra pocket oral surfaces dont get affected by local drug delivery which may be responsible for recurrence of disease in treated areas.Difficulty in placing therapeutic concentration of antimicrobial agent into deeper parts of periodontal pockets and furcations lesions .Personal application of antimicrobial agents by patients as a part of their home self-care procedure is frequently compromised by the patients lack of adequate manual dexterity, limited understanding of periodontal anatomy and sad compliance and performance with recommended procedures. (Axelsson 1999)2.1.1.4 Local drug delivery systems for treating periodontitisVarious local drug delivery system for treating periodontitis-Fibers, Film, Injectable systems, Gels, Strips and compacts, Vesicular systems, Microparticle system, Nanoparticle system and so onInjectable drug delivery systemsInjectable systems are particularly attractive for the delivery of antibiotic agents into the periodontal pocket. The application can be easily and rapidly carried out, without pain, by using a syringe. Thus, the cost of the therapy is considerably reduced compared to devices that need time to be placed and secured. Moreover, an injectable delivery system should be able to fill the pocket, thus reachi ng a large proportion of pathogens. Two types of injectable drug delivery systems have been studied in periodontal diseases- biodegradable (1) microparticles and (2) gels. (Kaplish et al. 2013)1. Microparticles /MicrospheresThese are controlled release drug delivery system which comprises of drug-containing microparticles or microspheres, between 10 and 500 microns in size, suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable attack aircraft carrier medium, and are capable ofmaintaining an effective level of drug in the periodontal pocket for a period of one to thirty days. They are spherical free flowing particles consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers. Non-biodegradable as well as biodegradable materials have been investigated for the preparation of microspheres.There are two types of microspheresa) Microcapsules.b) Micromatrices.In microcapsules entrapped substance is intelligibly surrounded by distinct capsule wall and in micromatrices entrapped substance is dispersing throughout the microspheres matrix. Solid biodegradable microspheres incorporating a drug dispersed or turn through particle matrix have the potential for the controlled release of drug. They are made from polymeric, waxy, or other protective materials (i.e. biodegradable synthetic polymers and modified congenital products). (Chaudhari et al. 2010)Advantages of microspheresConstant and prolonged therapeutic effect.Reduction in dosing frequency and thereby improve the patient compliance.They could be injected into the body due to the spherical shape and smaller size.Better drug utilization will improve the bioavailability and reduce the incidence or intensity of adverse effects.Microsphere morphology allows a controllable variability in degradation and drug release.

TESCOS NEIGHBOURHOOD MARKET ENTERS UNITED STATES

TESCOS NEIGHBOURHOOD MARKET ENTERS UNITED STATESThe orbitly disquiet economy has evolved from isolation from each other by barriers to cross-border activities wherein distance is no womb-to-tomb an issue out-of-pocket to advances in transportation and telecommunication technology. Moreover, it is noned that material culture is starting to look similar as national economies atomic number 18 unify into an interdependent and integrated global economic system (Friedman, 2005). All these processes are linked and referred to globalization.The impact of globalization has further companies to fat its operation crosswise its nucleotide country in order to compete in the challenging commercialize environs. As one of the leader in the retail industry, Tesco PLC (Tesco) has taken advantage of the up-to-the-minute environment by moving into the United States (US) for blowup purposes. The report allow for analyse Tescos outline in the US by analysing the impact of globalisation towards the industry, evaluating the reasons and scheme for foreignisation, the effect and challenges faced in regards to the internalisation exercise.Description of TescoTesco is a United Kingdom (UK) establish internationalist supermart chain, which has the largest global sales and domestic market contend sales. Based on its revenue, the guild is the third largest retailer in the world next to Wal-Mart and Carrefour (Data Monitor, 2010). The key to Tescos success is based on its low damages, last quality merchandises and experienced customer service which overall has lead to continuing growth of profit to the company.In 2006, Tesco announced its plan to enter the US market by opening small size grocery stores fleshd Fresh calorie-free Neighbourhood Market (Fresh and Easy). Tesco has selected the less aggressive market location on the watt coast, California, Nevada, and Arizona to avoid the extremely war-ridden market. The store has started its operation together wit h the distribution centres in 2007. Based on the latest financial report in 2009, it was noted that Fresh and Easy is currently trading at loss.Tescos competitive advantageAccording to Teece, Pisano and Shuen (1997), the success of a company highly depend on the uniqueness of the companys resources and capabilities in creating competitive advantages. The two main perspectives in the Resource-Based View (RBV) are the internal analysis of phenomena within an organisation and external analysis of the industry and its competitive environment (Collis and Montgomery, 1995 Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000).The resources and capabilities are evaluated in cost of value, rarity, inimitability and organisation (Barney, 1995). Furthermore, Carpenter and Sanders (2009103) suggest that in turn for a company to gain competitive advantage, it should have got resources and capabilities that are valuable, rare, inimitable, non-substitutable and exploitable (VRINE model).The value of the resources and ca pabilities interacts with the market sources and will differ based on beat and industry. The three fundamental market forces scarcity, demand and appropriability determines the value of the resources and capabilities (Collis and Montgomery, 1995). To answer the doubtfulness of value, organisation could evaluate whether its available resources and capabilities are meeting the market demand. As for Tesco, it relies on its brand, supply chain capabilities, store location and varied product pass wherein all these components have satisfied the value requirement, as it has been able to meet the demand in the grocery market. For instance, the company has a strong brand attend that is associated with good quality, trustworthy goods that represent excellent value (Data Monitor, 2010).Resources and capabilities owned by Tesco are similar to other retailers but in ground of the brand notice and variety product offering differs them from the competitors. Tesco pays detailed attention in t rans organiseing its brand by packaging and the packaging of every little worth theory. The success of the company in terms of customer loyalty relies on the loyalty card system and customises approach for each customer. In RBV concept, Tesco can be characterised as a competitive parity company based on its valuable but not rare resources and capabilities (Collis and Montgomery, 1995).Tescos strong position within the retail industry is due to its different approach in the service concept and introduction of various quality products. Moreover, it has competencies in its supply chain that affected its operational take aim in the work routines. Competitors could imitate the said resources and capabilities but it is difficult to do so as the tacit amount of knowledge, time and huge investment is indispensable (Hanan and Freeman, 1984) which in the meantime, Tesco will continue to gain its competitive advantages.Based on the above evaluation, it is discover that Tesco has sleep w ithd to exploits its resources and capabilities that as a result provide competitive advantages to the company. Tescos exploitation of its resources and capabilities is reflected in its market share and financial makeance. Tesco currently controls about 30% of the grocery market in the UK with a turnover of 56,910 million (Data Monitor, 2010). Moreover, with the aided competitive advantage, Tesco has managed to perform whole few in its international operation.Theory of globalisationThe era of globalisation has started in the early 1970s due to the convergence of several political, technological, social and competitive factors. According to Yip (1989), it is considered as one of the most important business strategies as it is a process which businesses create value by leveraging its resources and capabilities across borders. The topic on globalisation has been widely discussed which resulted to different perspectives and arguments. There are two different theories in relation to gl obalisation which are hyperglobalists and transformationalist theory.Hyperglobalists theory argues that the world is moving towards a global world that is subject to massive economic and political process of change which is clearly identified by the existence of a single global economy. National culture differences are largely seen by the progressive powerful multinationals as variations in consumer preference is reflected in the international selling mix (Wall and Rees, 200414). In view of this, the theory supports the globalisation in terms of efficient allocation of resources through international trade.In contrast, the transformational theory argues that globalisation is a powerful force impacting economic, social and political environments which involve uneven processes with unpredictable outcomes rather than linear progression to a predictable outcome. Many have argued that globalisation tends to reinforce inequalities of power both within and across nation resulting in globa l hierarchies if privilege and control for some but the economic and social censure of others (Wall and Rees, 200415). Therefore, the affect of globalisation is differently experienced across the globe.Based on the above theories, it is believed that globalisation can act as a tool that could social welfare every human being across the globe. Although the negative effect has been discussed and identified, the same should not be ignored and must be addressed for the benefit of mankind.globalization drivers and its impact on the retail industryYip (1992) has identified the globalisation drivers based on the industry conditions. Each industry has its own level of globalisation that is determined by the external drivers which are normally uncontrollable by the business or market environment.Economic, Political and LegalFinancial Factors FactorsIn notice of the retail industry, technological factors play an important contribution to the drivers of globalisation. The technology change h as impacted on the lower cost of transportation and communication as soundly the unit cost of production through economies of outmatch or the localisation of productive capacities and sourcing in low-cost economies (Lasserre, 200717). For example, the current electronic global marketplace would not exist without the existence of the global communication network such as the World Wide Web. Moreover, the low cost transportation has made shipping products near the world more economical, thereby helping in creating a global market. In response to the changes, Tesco has managed to apply the technology to selling through online which has is impacted on the companys sales performance.Moreover, as a result of globalisation, there is a convergence of consumer needs which has increased the brand awareness of consumers worldwide (Yip, 1989). Urbanisation and industrialisation of societies are one of the reasons for convergence of customer behaviour and needs. By having the same needs, cons umers are bound to have the same requirement that leads to standardisation of products.Meanwhile, the liberalisation of trade and investments contend an important factor in supporting the need of globalisation. It has therefore created a common market place and economic integration worldwide. Previously, there were rules and regulations that limit the contradictory Direct Investment (FDI) as to protect the local players. However, the scenario has changed and with the development of the free trade among nations, many companies took the advantage by doing cross-border investments to expand its market existence and positivity. In terms of Tesco, its initial output was significantly limited by the size of its domestic market in the UK but now, it has the chance to take advantages of economies of scale by going global.The trend in globalisation creates changes in the macro dimension of the environment. The change in the economic dimension has leaded the society to enter world or globa l economy. Clearly, the changes could be seen in the emergence of global market, global competitor and the integration of the economic. The impact of the fundamental changes is noted through the capital movements, concern on productivity and wagement as well as emergence of the world economy as a dominant economy unit (Friedman, 2005). The invariable and rapid globalisation of the world economy indicate that globalisation of retailing activities is a major management issue for retailers nowadays and currently it is foresee to be more intensified in the near future.Tescos strategy for Internalisation5.1 Country and Risk Analysis FrameworkThe county analysis framework provides an overview of the national business environment in terms of opportunities and dangers which enable companies to enhance value creation and strategic fit for its business. Ghemawat (2007) examined distance as the root of most costs and risks of conducting business in unfermented markets and concluded that d istance is more than geography it includes dimensions of culture, administrative and political power, and economics. Therefore, in decision-making, businesses must account for these dimensions of distance as its influences in different ways. confine framework is used for the analysis as it provides further in-depth analysis on the country compared to PESTEL framework.The total population of 301 million in US indicate a huge market opportunities that pull up stakes Tesco to build its position as a world largest retailer. By penetrating the market, Tesco foresee a better growth in terms of its international expansion. It is seen as a right move by Tesco to the previous expansions have proven to be a success. The operation in the US will be similar to the UK due to the same language used as medium of communication. This leads to an easy option in conducting business wherein the similar concept in the UK could be exported to the US with minimal changes in adapting to the market.US hav e been a dominant global power in terms of economy, political, technological and cultural affairs and has a long enjoyed its status as a superpower over nations policy making (Data Monitor, 2010). It is clearly seen from its economic point of view where the county is categorized as the largest economy in the world which is back-up with the most true economic systems. This links to the process of entering the US market which is supported by a comprehensive legal framework for business entities that creates a positive investment climate. US have favourable policies in promoting Foreign Direct Investment. Furthermore, in the international arena, it has secured the support of majority of nations that allows it to direct global policies. With the stabilised politic environment, there is absence of violence that ensures a safety business environment. All this factors have encouraged Tesco to pursue its goal in penetrating the US market.Cross-Cultural RiskRISKBased on the risk analysis, it is identified that the main relate risk to Tesco in the US are financial, economic and operational risk. In terms of financial risk, the fluctuation of the currency exchange rate and inflation will definitely have an impact on Tescos ability to operate at an efficient capacity. As to overturn the risk, Tesco has decided to enter single markets at a time and evaluate the success before considering for further expansion. For the US expansion, stores are opened based on geographic region rather than entering different states, which allow Tesco to limit its exposure to a loss if the expansion is unsuccessful. Meanwhile, for the operational risk, problems related to logistic and stock will lead to inefficiency of production and performance.5.2 US Retail industry AnalysisThe competitive environment involves factors that are relevant to an organisations strategy. The industry-based view can be analyse using Porters five forces as include it includes the overall construction rather than counseling on one element (Peng, 200935). The competition in the US grocery market is terrific as they compete in terms of price, product and promotion. Some of Tescos major competitors in the US are Trader Joes, 7-Eleven, Safeway, and Wal-Mart.Tescos Fresh and Easy operates within the retail industry that forces are driven in the industry would identify the strength and weaknesses of the organisation. There has been a significant growth in the grocery environment in terms of size and market confidence of large players. Competitive rivalry is considered a high threat as other retailers are applying the same operation concept wherein power has been built through operating efficiency. As a result, retailers have to be innovative to maintain and build its market share. Hence, Fresh and Easy has refocused its strategy based on price and value with added value elements of good customer service (Times online, 2007).High competition is a powerful force and stands as a strong barrie r for new entrants who desire to enter the industry. For example, it will be difficult for new entrants to raise sufficient fund due to large fixed costs and highly developed supply chains. This is in line with Tescos huge investment for Fresh and Easy in terms of advanced technology for stock controls systems (Euromonitor International, 2009). However, a high level of product differentiation together with low cost and dynamic market revenue growth has elevated the rivalry to an extent. Retailers in this sector are highly fragmented and therefore retailers will put considerable barriers to entry to ensure less competition in the market (Alexander and Korine, 2008).The more standardised or consistent the product, the lower the switching cost and hence there is a high threat of the bargaining power of buyer. Buyer power acts to force the price downward(a) but due to the various choice of substitute products, retailers have the power for the price setting. Therefore, in meeting custo mers needs, customising service combine with low prices, constant promotion and better choices have enabled Fresh and Easy to control and retain its customer base.There is a low threat to the bargaining power of suppliers as practically retailer such as Fresh and Easy dictate the price to be paid to the supplier as if the suppliers does not agree on the price, they will be left with no retailer. The relationship with the suppliers has impacted the limitation of the strategic freedom for the company which influences its margin. As a result, the forces of the competitive rivalry will reduce the profit margins for retailers and suppliers.There is a threat of consumers switching to substitutes due to the variety of choices of products in the market. The industry has change overtime wherein small chains of convenience stores are emerging which provides more alternative choices to the consumers. In response to this trend, Tesco has started to open Fresh and Easy based on small-scale oper ations in local town and city centres.The biggest threats for Tesco in regards to its Fresh and Easy stores are the rivalry and bargaining power of buyers. The retail industry in the US is viable which results to healthy profitability provided the company continuously improves itself and is flexible in the challenging market.5.2 Tescos expansion to USDue to competition and the impact of globalisation, companies are expanding its operation to other countries outside the home base country which indeed require that application of the global strategy. According to Peng (200918), global strategy is defined as strategy of firms around the globe which particular form of international strategy which is characterised by the production and distribution of standardised products and services on a worldwide basis. Tescos motivation for expansion to the US with its Fresh and Easy stores are merely based on market and innovation seeking as its main goal is to achieve higher profit margins as we ll as future organisational learning and growth.Ghemawat (2007) suggest that in order to boost sales and market share, companies have to maximise its local relevance. Therefore, by entering the US retail market organically has provided advantage to Tesco to start unexampled by creating a highly distinctive new store concept. This route allows the company to manage its capital expenditure and learn from experience for its future expansion. Fresh and Easy is a small format convenience grocery stores focusing on fresh foods and ready meals at low price. The strategy to break into the US market is based on three key areas affordability, freshness and convenience (Data Monitor, 2010). By focusing on convenience store, Fresh and Easy will not be directly competing with retailers like Wal-Mart and meanwhile will differentiate itself from the larger format traditional retailers.In addition, Ghemawat (2007) suggest that strategic choice requires some degree of prioritisation of which the AA A Triangle Model can assist the company in doing so. It is suggested that it is impossible to employ three strategies but companies normally should focus on own or two in trying to build competitive advantages. Due to the matured and intense competition in the US retail industry, it was difficult for Fresh and Easy in terms of arbitrage. Therefore based on the said model, Tesco global strategy was based on a minimal adaptation of which Fresh and Easy stores are designed, by adapting to the local responsiveness and aggregation on standardisation of product to take advantages of economy of scale.International strategy adopted by Tesco for Fresh and Easy is similar to its Tesco Express approach in the UK, featuring fresh produce, alcohol and an in-store bakeshop with minimal adaptation to the US consumers requirement (Times online, 2007). This is line with the integration-responsiveness framework which indicates the replication of the strategy by using its core competency and specific advantage wherein public press of local responsiveness and pressure for global efficiency are both low (Peng, 2009353). By using this strategy, expansion process will be at a slower compared to the global retailers but the advantage of this strategy is it provides a greater learning effect and broader knowledge-based to the company (Palmer, 2005).The minimal adaptation incorporated is related to the store format wherein larger pack sizes and more space allocation on frozen food to cater for various types of product assortment which is based on the US consumers preference (Euromonitor International, 2009). Meanwhile, the chain uses a straightforward everyday low prices strategy which is 15% cheaper compared to other competitors (Finch, 2009). The existence of Fresh and Easy has created awareness by the competitors wherein competitors have improved its products offering and seeking for a suitable location in order to compete.In terms of aggregation, it uses one brand name fit all st rategy which was argued by consumers as there are no differentiation among the store brand products on value price product, intrinsic and organic and premium products. In lieu of this, Fresh and Easy did not manage to create consumer perceptions on the brand name and subsequently affected its sales performance.6.0 Tescos future in USIn terms of profitability, Fresh and Easy has yet to make profit from its operation. There is uncertainty for the company to achieve profitability in the near future as its expansion process has delayed as compared to its initial plans due to economic crisis which particularly affected the consumers in some of its first few store opened in 2007. Therefore, it will definitely take longer period for Fresh and Easy to achieve its target goals.It was observed that Tescos Fresh and Easy stores use one brand name fits all strategy for its products and marketing strategies (Times online, 2007). This approach is not relevant to the US market as consumers have a strong perception of brands (Euromonitor International, 2009). This has to lead to confusion to consumers as there is no product differentiation between discounts or value priced, pictorial and organic and premium products in the stores. Fresh and Easy should separate its brand names similar to its UK approach i.e. finest for premium products and value for discounted products that will lead to a better merchandising, pricing and marketing strategies. This assist consumer to have different brand names for each category than price focused items.Further analysis is required in analysing the progress of Fresh and Easy in the US. By doing so, a decision can be made either to leave the market and expand to other potential markets. Based on Tescos track record on its international operation, the company has successfully penetrated the market well which is reflected in the financial performance. Strategy formulation is an important element as it is a continuous learning process which enab les Tesco in planning for its future expansion. Tescos strategy for expansion to the US seems damage as a different global strategy was applied although in-depth research was made before the expansion.Tesco should maintain its existing strategy to enter a market through joint venture or acquisition with an existing player in the market as it is observe as an effective manner for expansion (Palmer, 2005). Moreover, Tesco should take note that other companies which have attempted to enter US highly competitive market have failed due to the reason of not ground the psyche of the American consumer. Tescos bold move to the US without a partner seems unreasonable as the existence of a partner will provide internal knowledge for local business environment and consumer cultures. This indeed observed when Tesco overlook on the interpretation of a convenience store in US which differs from the UK. In the US, convenience store is associated with petrol stations wherein the UK, is it a store . In addition to this, Kay (2009) indicates that findings from the US consumers suggest that consumers are less loyal to the US as acquire are made based on the cheapest price at any stores. Based on this differences, Tesco did not managed to introduce the British model in the US market although is foresee as a competitive advantage in the retail industry.ConclusionDuring the past years, there has been a growth in the scale of international investment and as the process continues, it is important to understand the learning and experience gained from the expansion exercise. It is undeniable that by entering new markets like US, it acts as one of the main drivers for the companys revenues and expansion strategy. However, Tesco needs to evaluate its strategy in order to sustain its performance in the US. One of the mistakes made by Tescos US expansion is believing that exporting successful business model to foreign country is an easy process. Although Tesco has its own competition adv antages, the aspect of culture should not be left out as it plays an important role in ensuring the success of the business (Ghemawat, 2007).The success of a strategy depends on the strength in terms of learning, knowledge and suitability.Tesco would need to apply the entire lesson learned from the expansion exercise as future expansion is dependent on the companys capacity to recognise the sources for international learning of the knowledge gained. This will definitely allow Tesco to move, adapt and learn fast for better performance in the US market.

Gender Inequality and Discrimination in America Essay -- Essays Papers

Gender Inequality and Discrimination in the StatesWhat is your first stock of a child? Was it blowing out the candles on your birthday cake, or was it cinching a game with a friend? Was it riding a bike or making a snowman? Mevery of these events go out most likely be remembered of your childhood, but the memory of how you were neighborlyly biased will not be. The memory of universe wrapped in a socially acceptable colored blanket depending on your sexual activity either boy or girl. How your let spoke to you, with a soft voice of understanding or concern if you were likely a boy, and how if you were a girl you were likely given a fuck up doll to play with instead of a truck. Throughout history gender differences have been exemplified given a particular culture. In the USA the role of the effeminate has endured much favoritism as with racial discrimination.Many factors contribute to the problem of gender inequality 1 two of these factors will be discussed, social str uctural factors and social psychological factors. Attitudes and value of both men and women perpetuate gender inequality. Past attitudes have reflected the traditional role of the female within society the notion that women argon less resourceful and competent as men. Within this traditional role, a womans place is in the home, as the guardian of the social order.Gender roles are translucent within any society. Not all roles follow these traditional roles of male dominance and submissive women. Such societies take on roles, which are the betterment of the community. An illustration would be the hear performed by Margaret Mead (1969), of three primitive New Guinea tribes. Mead states that the meaning of being male and female is determined not only biologically but also... ...without gender differences we would all be as robots cohabitating in a fantasy world of equality. I took on this topic because of the strong emotion I feel as a women living with such discrimination in our society. As subtle as some discriminations are, there is no denying the definite passage of arms of inequality women show daily within our society. Even with the economic, social, political and educational inequality that women must overcome, I will accept the fight, rather than conform to a non-gender society as stated by Bem.The desire of most women, including myself, is not to be the alike as men but to be given the same opportunities and options in life. I believe in the philosophy that you can be whatever your heart desires. If a women strives hard enough, the trials and tribulations she may face along her elect path will only make her stronger in the end. Gender Inequality and Discrimination in America Essay -- Essays PapersGender Inequality and Discrimination in AmericaWhat is your first memory of a child? Was it blowing out the candles on your birthday cake, or was it playing a game with a friend? Was it riding a bike or making a snowman? Many of these events will most likely be remembered of your childhood, but the memory of how you were socially biased will not be. The memory of being wrapped in a socially acceptable colored blanket depending on your gender either boy or girl. How your mother spoke to you, with a soft voice of understanding or concern if you were likely a boy, and how if you were a girl you were likely given a baby doll to play with instead of a truck. Throughout history gender differences have been exemplified given a particular culture. In the USA the role of the female has endured much discrimination as with racial discrimination.Many factors contribute to the problem of gender inequality 1 two of these factors will be discussed, social structural factors and social psychological factors. Attitudes and values of both men and women perpetuate gender inequality. Past attitudes have reflected the traditional role of the female within society the notion that women are less capable and compete nt as men. Within this traditional role, a womans place is in the home, as the guardian of the social order.Gender roles are evident within any society. Not all roles follow these traditional roles of male dominance and submissive women. Such societies take on roles, which are the betterment of the community. An example would be the study performed by Margaret Mead (1969), of three primitive New Guinea tribes. Mead states that the meaning of being male and female is determined not only biologically but also... ...without gender differences we would all be as robots cohabitating in a fantasy world of equality. I took on this topic because of the strong emotion I feel as a women living with such discrimination in our society. As subtle as some discriminations are, there is no denying the definite battle of inequality women face daily within our society. Even with the economic, social, political and educational inequality that women must overcome, I will accept the fight, rath er than conform to a non-gender society as stated by Bem.The desire of most women, including myself, is not to be the same as men but to be given the same opportunities and options in life. I believe in the philosophy that you can be whatever your heart desires. If a women strives hard enough, the trials and tribulations she may face along her chosen path will only make her stronger in the end.

Essay --

The American College of Sports Medicines fitness rationalise appraise for 2011 consisted of information from the health and fitness industry as well as the opinions of professionals who shortly worked in the field. The survey encouraged its respondents to make the important distinction between a fad and a burn (Thompson, 2010). This survey consists of trends rather than fads a trend is a long bound change in the way people behave. A fad on the otherwise hand is a short term fashion that is taken up with strong feeling of active interest but only for a brief period. Trying out new forge techniques and fitness programs can encourage and motivate people to engage in physical activity. The ACSM conducted its first fitness survey in 2006 for the predicted trends of 2007 this was the earliest effort in developing a systematic way to predict the future of the health and fitness industry (Thompson, 2010). There were three consecutive surveys conducted to identify fitness trends for the course of study 2008, 2009 and 2010. The surveys measured health and fitness trends in various sectors of the industry which consisted of commercial (for-profit), clinical (medical fitness), community (not-for-profit) and corporate sectors (Thompson, 2010). The 2011 survey consisted of 31 feasible trends which was six lesser than the previous 2010 survey. The number was fewer because the respondents complained about the length of the survey. The 31 items were designed using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1-10 the low score of 1 (less likely to be a trend) and 10 ( almost likely to be a trend) (Thompson, 2010). The initial step in this analysis was to gather all of the responses and place them in order from the most crowd-pleasing trend to the least popular trend. The r... ...ed due to cost. Programs that were considered costly such as Pilates and indoor cycling are no longer in the top 20. The results of the 2014 survey predicts that more people will be engaging in high-intensi ty interval training (HIT) this was the trends debut year. This was offered as a potential trend in previous surveys but never made it to the top 20. This trend is more appealing to consumers because it takes less time allowing people to engage in other daily responsibilities. Another cost-effective trend also making its debut in the survey is body weight training which uses very little equipment which helps to abide by cost down. Consumers are also engaging in group personal training which consists of two or more people being trained by one person trainer in order save money. Based on these predictions the new trend for fitness consumers is to save time and money.