Assessment of a students personal learning style

Assessment of a students personal training styleAny educational course is always commenced with rough expectations and hopes to get hold of or so specific goals. These expectations and hopes atomic number 18 always contingent to some estimation as well as some strategic plans to achieve the set goals. In this essay I will endeavour to release a personal reflection factor on what I have learned upon completing the course .This will include some estimate of my personal erudition style and strengths and weaknesses, an estimated work plan for my completion of the degree, and the strategy I will reckon to adopt for future essay authorship. This will be a exercisingful document to help me through and through the course as well as an important part of my sound judgment. These expectations with reference to their strategic planning for the skill of the course are as followsMy expectations before the commencement of the B.Th. course at SLCC.A new learning experience in London (SL CC).Exploration of learning potentials and weakness.Evaluation of my strengths and weakness to improve the mistakes and shortcomings.The Assessment to imagine my action and future planning to bring roughly my degree at a specific determined time.MY EXPECTATIONS AND THE overbold LEARNING EXPERIENCEIt was expected by me that I would be supposed to go through the indite examinations as is instructed in my home country, Pakistan. I was unaware of the enhanced research line of business at UK because I never researched before even at my Master degree level studies rather went through a specific syllabus and examination system.I similarly thought to be prepared for the examination by cramming the things in contrast to be creative minded person as I am at once. larn through visual aids like movies that are being shown by Mercia time to time and use of PowerPoint in the seminars are genuinely innovative and a new things to learn for me. These things left a perpetual impression on my memory as is also verbalize that show and tell is a dandy way of teaching and one learns a lot through hearing and seeing.Seminars that are held on some occasions are also a near(a) source of education as they just choose a slight change in ones regular monotonous routine of learning work. Apart from this change, they also provide a chance to learn a very comprehensive and lengthy topic deep down a short period of time. These seminars are also a unique experience for me as they inform me about the things happening on an international level for instance persecution of the Christian throughout the world came to my experience at SLCC in contrast to my previous knowledge of persecution that was only limited to the Bible.Discussion on some topic is a best way of learning as compared to learning alone because in a group discussion different opinions and ideas are shared that bring out the best possible make out of the faced issue. In addition, question answer method of study at SLCC also brought confidence in me to further seek and polish my hidden talents.I never had any idea to cope with an halo where essays are written by using libraries and mesh because I was not good at meshing and never used any library before coming to SLCC. Therefore, usage and utilization of library and the profits created in me a sense of curiosity for more and more as well as coif knowledge.EXPLORATION OF MY POTENTIALS AND WEAKNESSES-I was accustomed to read books as opposed to e-learning or learning by internet as far as my study is concerned. A paltry knowledge of computer and internet kept me away from using an internet simply it is now hoped that I will be used to it very soon in my next two years. The Subject of worship was limited to biblical doctrines only but an interaction with a multicultural environment at SLCC gave me a good opportunity to learn theology at a broad canvas for some African countries laid more emphasis on stereology contrary to the Christolog y.If I had not been here I would have not known that I could write and speak English correctly, in fact I developed my English writing skills here. A well-organized and well-scheduled study system revealed as well as enhanced my strengths as a student as I will be adapted to this system to read as many books as possibly I can. Especially, the course of research and study skills has been proved the best source to create convenience for study as well as essay writing. This course guided me to improve my study skills to a great extent.It is said that travelling is a part of ones education. Local tour of London and international tours especially of Israel is a foresightful lasting educational experience for me as a student of theology to learn the Christian geographical boundaries.Previously I was not well-disciplined and always waited for last moments to prepare and put down my study tasks but now I am disciplined enough to meet even the tight deadlines whether they are inside or ou tside of my study spheres.THE ASSESSMENT AND FUTURE PLANNING-Generally, an annual and particularly a weekly assessment of my achievements is required in order to be accountable to myself to see whether I achieve my set targets or not. This assessment includes my educational as well monetary obligations to the degree. I am being benefited by a well-read faculty of SLCC to be imparted with correct Biblical and theological knowledge to be enabled to write my assignments. I am intended to avail all the available sources such as books, the Internet, movies and journals to present a good academic and scholarly work to get appreciable results in future. I am supposed to complete a minimum one essay in a week in order to complete my degree on time. Therefore, keeping in mind this tight and tough routine of essay writing I am determined to be regular and punctual in attendance to clarify my concepts about theology so that I will be able to reproduce my essays easily.CONCLUSION It can be conc luded that completion of first year of B.Th. at SLCC as was expected and desired by me, had been a wonderful academic and spiritual experience for me as it highlighted hidden qualities and talents in me. Therefore I could explore my talents to improve my academic career. Evaluations of my weakness and strengths as a student further stimulated me to improve my shortcomings of poor knowledge of research and computer utilization and use my previous good knowledge and skills of English for the progress of my targets. The successful completion of first year has infused in me a marvelous spirit to make a strategic plan of my regular assessment and accountability on weekly, monthly, mid-termly, mid-annually and annually basis for the further achievement of my aims as far as my next two years are concerned.Briefly, the study at a degree level is a well-planned and career-shaping study. A Study at a degree level is not merely degree-oriented rather it is a well-researched and knowledge-orie nted study which actually develops a ones character as well shapes ones destination.

Pectin Reduces Blood Cholesterol Level

Pectin Reduces Blood Cholesterol LevelXinhao DAIIntroductionPectin is a complex polysaccharide present in plant cell walls, commonly presents in fruits and vegetables, commercially extracted from pulp waster during fruits juice processing. Pectin can be used as gelling agent in jams, marmalades and lessen sugar versions. It creates thickened textures and a homogenous distribution of fruit pieces. The consumption of pectin by human influences transit rate, nutrient absorption rate, and cholesterin absorption and secretion, so pectin is an important dietary fiber. However, the clinical use of pectin is very r arly mentioned (F Brouns, 2012).The degree of esterification (DE) demonstrates the methyl esters in pectin chains. The pectin with DE50% are high-methoxyl and forms viscous gels in the stomach at pH 2.2-3.5 (Ralet et al., 1994 Sila et al., 2009) the pectin with DE60%) at low pH low-methoxyl pectin forms gels with divalent cations (notably Ca 2+) at pH 2.5-6 (sugar addition not required) (Thibault and Ralet, 2008).Cholesterol is an important biological molecule, which function as component of cell membrane structure as well as a precursor for the price reduction of the steroid hormones and cheekiness acids. High concentration of cholesterin in human relationship is related with coronary thrombosis vascular disease, atherosis, stroke and many other diseases.European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (ESFA, 2010) has published the cholesterin lowing effects of of pectin on glycemia. In general, processing factors like DE, MW, and pectin source (e.g. citrus or apple) may walk out the efficacy of pectin (Baker, 1997 Duvetter et al., 2009).Cholesterol heavy(p) in animalsPectin has been reported being able to lower the cholesterin train of blood and liver in various animals, including guinea pigs (Gorinstein et al., 2005), rats (Krzysik et al., 2011), hamsters (Terpstra et al., 2002), chickens (Craig et al., 2006) and rabbits (Ismail et al., 1999). The effect of lowing cholesterol level by baseball club types of pectin with different molecular composition on 486 male broilers was studies, their serum cholesterol lowing efficacy was ranked as citrus pectin DE-70 14 apple pectin DE-74apple pectin DE-354citrus pectin DE-04low-MW pectin4citrus pectin DE-354cellulose (Craig et al., 2006).The mechanisms of cholesterol gravid in animals mostly are increase fecal bile acid excretion, reduced plasma triacylglycerol, plasma total cholesterol, hepatic triacylglycerol, cholesterol subtraction and absorption, et al. Some of the mechanisms may be related with humans (F Brouns, 2012). The result of experiments feeding Wistar rats with semipurified diet with psyllium or pectin, cellulose or rice bran supported the hypothesis that the hypocholesterolemic effect of soluble fibers is functioning by increasing deduction and therefore pool size of bile acids (Hugh B. Matheson, 1995). Another study showed that the hydrophobic amidated pectins significan tly modify cholesterol homeostasis in rants and might provide insight of an effective hypochelosterolemic agent. However, the amidation of pectin might reduce its fermentability (M. MAROUNEK, 2007). Overall, pectin influence animal blood cholesterol by shineing cholesterol homeostasis.Cholesterol lowering in humansThere are not many clinical studies of pectin cholesterol lowing compared with animal studies. Generally, each gram of pectin lowers LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) by 0.055mmol/L (Brown et al., 1999). A cause-and-effect relationship has been established with 6g pectin in 1 servings for maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentration (ESFA, 2010).The table 1 summarized the most important studies of pectin lowering cholesterol level before 1988 (Kay Behall, 1986) (Cerda, 1988) flurry 1. Pectin Lowering Cholesterol Level Studies Before 1988A recent crossover study involves hyper-cholesterolemic persons receiving either 15g/ twenty-four hour period pectin (from citrus or appl e, with different DE level) or cellulose with food for 4 weeks. The result showed that (F Brouns, 2012)For relative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C), the effect of citrus pectin and apple pectin are the same, while the pectin with higher level of DE level has best hypocholesterolemic effect. orangeness pump fiber worked worse than citrus and apple pectin.The pectin with higher molecular weight works better than the pectin with low molecular weight.In the subsequent experiment providing 6g pectin/ twenty-four hour period for three weeks, citrus DE-70 and high MW pectin DE-70 reduced LDL-C 6-7% compared with control group.The viscous, gelatinizing citrus pectin alter bile acid enterohepatic circulation enhance cholesterol excretion into stool (Martinez de Prado et al., 1981 Ide and Horii, 1989 Ide et al., 1990 Fernandez et al., 1994 Terpstra et al., 2002). High-viscosity pectin broadly speaking diminishes total cholesterol (TC) by 3-7% in humans. Pectin increases g ut viscosity, then reduce the re-absorption of bile acids, increase tax write-off of bile acids from cholesterol, thereby reduces circulating blood cholesterol (F Brouns, 2012). The high-viscosity pectin might as well interfere with the formation of micelles and/or lower the diffusion rate of bile acid and cholesterol-containing micelles through the bolus, consequently reduce the uptake of cholesterol and bile acids. Many study suggested the favourable effect of pectin on lipids(B.R. Sharma, 2006).The source and type of pectin (degree of esterification and molecular weight) affect the effect of lowing cholesterol. In the study by Brouns et al., it is proven that increased DE and MW help promote the efficacy of lowering of human cholesterol level, and even a high dose of pectin with low DE and MW wont fox significant effect. The EFSA pectin cholesterol-lowering claim should require a stripped level of characterization, including DE and MW (F Brouns, 2012). Even though pectin cann ot be right off absorbed by human, it can be fermented by the microorganisms in the large intestine and result in the formation of short chain fatty acid, which could be absorbed and metabolized in the colonic mucosa, liver or peripheral tissue (Kay, 1982).Effective dosesExperiments indicate that the dose of pectin needed for different people to achieve the lowering of serum cholesterol level is not the same (Grant H. Palmer, June 1966). The intake of 15 grams of pectin per day for three weeks resulted in a mean 13% diminishment of plasma cholesterol levels. A dose of 40 to 50 grams of pectin per day significantly reduced the cholesterol level in both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects(B.R. Sharma, 2006). In addition with the claim of overhear 6g/day pectin to achieve hypochelosterolemic effect, ESFA (2010) also suggest that the consumption of pectin with meals help reduce the blood glucose after meal and the effect can be achieved with at least 10g pectin per meal ((EFSA ), 2011).The hypocholesterolemic effect of pectin combined with apple polyphenols has also been reported (EVA N. JENSEN and DRAGSTED, 2009). There might be taste concerns and potential gastrointestinal disturbance if more than 6g pectin/day was ingested (F Brouns, 2012). At least 6 grams of pectin are supposed to be consumed to achieve hypochelesterolemic effect, and this amount is correspond to 78 medium-sized apples (EVA N. JENSEN and DRAGSTED, 2009).Some critique suggested that most of the cholesterol lowering effect of pectin is showed in a cholesterol rich, atherogenic diet (A.H.M. Terpstra, 2002). The effect of cholesterol lowing efficiency in regular diet remained quite questionable.Conclusion pastelike pectin can reduce the cholesterol level of animals and human by increasing synthesis and excretion of bile acid and reducing re-absorption of cholesterol. The hypochelosterolemic effect of pectin depends on the dose of pectin, diet composition, and source and physical and chem ical retention of pectin itself (including viscosity, molecular weight, and degrees of esterification). The effective daily intake of pectin is at least 6g/per according to EFSA, however a minimum level of characterization should be required to achieve the result.

Chinese Nationalism In The 19th And 20th Centuries History Essay

Chinese Nationalism In The 19th And 20th Centuries History raiseChinese nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries followed a very different suit than Japans Shwa evolution. Similar to Perrys significance in Edo in 1894, the First Anglo-Chinese War (1839-1842) was a significant foot of Western moral realism and imperialist influence in China. To a larger extent than Japan, Chinas nationalisms were more often than not born of domestic adversity from influential Chinese figures.Sun Yat-sen once declared In redact to restore our national independence, we must commencement ceremony restore the Chinese nation. In order to restore the Chinese nation, we must drive the barbarian Manchus back to the Changbai Mountains. In order to get rid of the barbarians, we must first overthrow the present tyrannical, dictatorial, ugly, and corrupt Qing presidential term. Fellow countrymen, a revolution is the only means to overthrow the Qing governmentKnown often as The Father of Nationalism, Sun p layed a huge part in securing Chinese national identity and overthrowing the reactionary cultural grip of the Quing dynasty. Co-fo at a lower place of the KMT, Sun set the tone for Maos espousal of Chinese Marxism and the progression to Maoism. The main concern for the Kuomintang, were that its policies and figures inside the party were withal varying that unanimous decisions were a rarity.After the 1911 revolution, the official definition of Chinese was expanded to include non-Han ethnicities as part of a unite Chinese nation although Michael Lynch seems to suggest this was due mainly to the realisation that a far too narrow definition of China and being Chinese would result in a loss of most-valuable Eastern territory, and that the Manchus were too immersed to be considered an outside group.By the end of the nineteenth century, dichotomies were already proliferating to explain how Chinese orthodoxy could be maintained while importing knowledge from abroad, such as Self suffic iency as shopping mall, promote sincerity as function, defence as total, war as function, rely on pains for essence, rely on commerce for function, and metaphysics1for essence, economics for function2. The best-known example of this is found in Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909), the latish Qing dynasty self-strengthening governor general of Hubei and Hunan, who recommendd achieving state power through the construction of railroads, heavy industry and a opposed policy based on the balancing principle of use barbarians to control barbarians. His Exhortation to Study, written in 1898, is commonly identified with the ti-yong call to appropriate Western functional knowledge to preserve Chinese essence . As such language demonstrates, the discussion by the self-strengtheners of the Qing dynasty of local military, political and economic issues in harm of world order was already typical of what sociologists would call a globalistic mentality3. It is this mentality that made it affirmable fo r Kang Youweis fellow reformer, Liang Qichao, to import the Chinese term for nationalism from Japan, in articles he wrote between 1899 and 1901.4After the drib of the Qing, the claim to be able to use Western functional knowledge to preserve Chinese essence remained at the centre of the claim to legitimacy made by national and communist elites. When president yuan Shikai tried to make himself emperor during the early years of the Chinese Republic, he did so by revive Confucianism as the state ideology. Sun Yatsen, the National Father, maintained a strong aversion to cosmopolitanism and a ruling in the revival of Chinese tradition throughout his life. Chiang Kaishek continued this when he combined propagation of Suns nationalist orthodoxy of the Three Principles of the People with the Confucian morality of the New Life movement after the 1927 Northern shipment left much of the former empire under Nationalist control. This ideological strategy even survived under the KMT in Taiw an, until the islands democratisation in the 1980s made it unsustainable.The state-centric nature of the fluid transnational situation describe by the three worlds was developed further by the revival of the formula of the pentad Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, that is to say respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty mutual non-aggression mutual non-interference in internal affairs equating and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence. This has a certain resonance in domestic politics because the Five Priniciples formula is attributed to Zhou Enlai, reinforcing continuity with the popular face of the CCPs past and making a ready reproduction to Zhous Four Modernisations. When Deng revived the slogan of seeking loyalty from facts during the leadership struggle in September 19785he presented Maos theory of the three worlds as useful in domestic politics for distinguishing the correct attitude of maintaining the international conditions that enable the signification o f foreign capital, technology and know-how, as opposed to the incorrect branding of economic traffic with other countries as a figure of national betrayal6.Over the years that followed, references to both lower-class internationalism and the three worlds were to be eclipsed by the Five Principles, which came to encapsulate the sovereignty-centred nature of PRC foreign policy.The Communists, too, had to take root their Chinese identity with the promise of modernity offered by socialist internationalism. Mao Zedong is said to give up achieved the sinification of Marxism. When he claimed leadership of the United Front in the conflict with Japan, he presented the CCP as the true inheritor of what he considered to be the essence of a splendid old culture that was created during the long period of Chinese history and which could be used selectively to develop the new national culture.7Not only did Mao advocate learning from socialist cultures, but also from capitalist countries in t he Age of Enlightenment. Yet, at the same time, he warned, We should not gulp any of this foreign material down uncritically, but must treat it as we do our food-first chewing it, then submitting it to the working of the stomach and intestines with their juices and secretions, and separating it into nutriment to be absorbed and waste thing to be discarded-before it can nourish us8The dilemma of balancing the preservation of political orthodoxy with learning from abroad is even clearer under reform and opening night. Chinas leaders since Mao have always been careful to balance the importation of investment and know-how from abroad with a call to build socialism with Chinese characteristics and socialist spiritual elegantization, and to put forward that the nation combats the tendency of worshipping things foreign, or fawning on foreigners.9To search for logical consistency in this discourse, however, is to look out on how such actors are not concerned with talking to philosophic al circles. The issues they address are essentially political, in the sense that there is no possibility of a logical solution, only the hope of achieving some sorting of social compromise. As Zhang Zhidong realised at the end of the Qing dynasty, it is humiliation at the hands of foreigners that provides the conditions under which the obviously incommensurable positions of dogmatic conservatives and radical reformers can be reconciled. Zhang did this by reducing Confucianism to a symbol of loyalty rather than a practical guide for living. In the same way, Chinas leaders under reform and opening have reduced socialism to a symbol of patriotic loyalty, while the technological and market orthodoxies of globalisation have been introduced as the guide for policy. The condition for achieving this, however, is to portray the nation as threatened and humiliated by a coalition of enemies within and abroad, from which only the CCP can promise deliverance. It is thus that the legacy of th e impact of colonialism and civil war has made possible the discourse on nationalism and globalisation that is so central to Chinese politics at the start of the new millennium.As for upholding Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought, this does not refer to the ideas of the man who had engineered the slap-up Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and internationalism. It meant remembering the leader who had allowed the Chinese people to stand up in 1949, the statesman who had formulated the strategy of differentiating the three worlds and personally ushered in a new stage in Sino-American and Sino-Japanese relations. These elements of Maos heritage were further elaborated when the orthodox version of the past appeared in the form of the Resolution on CCP History (1949-81), two years later. In this document, the essence of Mao Zedong thought was presented as the principles to seek truth from facts, the mass line, and independence. The first of these had already become a safer formula than thought emancipation, because it could be presented to mean that the answers to Chinas problems have to be found in Chinese experience and not in foreign teaching. The mass line, which had traditionally meant that the Party should canvass the opinions of the general population when developing its policies, was now presented as proof that the Party exists and fights for the interests of the people. independence was taken to represent Maos belief that China must find its own path to modernity, rejecting any kind of interference in national sovereignty

Impact of Social Determinants on Health

Impact of Social Determinants on healthSong et al (2011) analyze the fix of social determinants of health on malady r takes. They specified aid as the affection of concern and utilized data from American society field of study. They used correlation and partial correlation coefficients quantify the effect of socioeconomic determinants on AIDS diagnosis rates in certain areas and make up that the AIDS diagnosis rate was mutually related with kind, marital berth and population density. Poverty, education train and unemployment also conciliate the cause of disease in an individual.In developed and developing countries socioeconomic status turn out to be an important cause of cardiovascular disease. Survey studies showed that education was the just about important socioeconomic determinant in relation to cardiovascular pretend factor. Smoking was also a major cause of cardiovascular disease. impression socioeconomic status had a direct descent with high levels of cardiov ascular risk factors (Yu et al, 2000 Reddy et al, 2002 Jeemon Reddy, 2010 Thurston et al, 2005 Janati et al, 2011 and Lang et al, 2012).Lantz et al (1998) investigated the impact of education, income and health behaviors on the risk of destruction within the next 7.5 geezerhood with longitudinal spate study. The results of cross tabular matter showed that the deathrate rate has a strong draw with education and income.Habib et al (2012) conducted a questionnaire based survey to measure the social, economic, demographic and geographic deflect on the disease of bronchial asthma in Kashmir valley. After summary in SPSS they concluded that non smokers, males working(a) in farms and females working with animals have a high incidence of Bronchial Asthma. The study also showed a material kindred between the age and disease.Arif and Naheed (2012) used The Pakistan Social and Living pattern Measurement Survey 2004-05 conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics to determine the s ocioeconomic, demographic, environmental and geographical factors of diarrhea morbidity among the sampled children. Their study found a relationship between diarrhea morbidity and economic factors particularly ownership of land, broth and ho employ conditions. Childs gender and age, total number of children born, puzzles age and education and sources of drinking water did show probatory effect on the diarrhea morbidity among children.Aranha et al (2011) conducted a survey in Brazils district So capital of Minnesotao, to determine the association between childrens respiratory diseases reported by parents, attention at school, parents educational level, family income and socioeconomic status. By applying chi square campaign they concluded that the health of children is associated with parents higher education, particularly mothers. Family income, analyzed according to per capita income did not affect the number of reports of respiratory diseases from parents.Deolalikar and Laxm inarayan (2000) used data from 1997 Cambodia socioeconomic Survey to estimate the influence of socioeconomic variables on the extent of disease transmittance within villages in Cambodia. They concluded that infectious diseases were the leading cause of morbidity in the country. Younger adults were less likely to get infected by others, but it change magnitude with age. Income and the availability of a doctor had a material effect on disease transmission.Survey studies based on antithetical countries showed a strong association between socioeconomic factors (income, education and occupational bit) and corpulency. After analysis there was a significant effect of outlay of low quality food due to economic factors on increased obesity. For men, both the highest level of occupational position and general education established were found to have a significant effect on obesity while women in the lowest income group were three times as likely to be obese as women in the highest inc ome group (Kuntz and Lampert, 2010 Akil and Ahmad, 2011 and Larsen et al, 2003).Yin et al (2011) used data from the 2007 China Chronic disease adventure federal agent Surveillance of 49,363 Chinese men and women aged 15-69 years to examine the association between the preponderance of self-reported physician diagnosed Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disorder (COPD) and socioeconomic status defined by both educational level and annual household income. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed. Among nonsmokers, low educational level and household income were associated with a significant higher prevalence of COPD.Siponen et al (2011) tried to study the relationship between the health of Finnish children chthonian 12 years of age and agnate socioeconomic factors (educational level, household income and working status) by conducting population based survey. The analysis was done by employ Pearsons Chi-Square tests, and logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed that parental socioeconomic factors were not associated with the health of children aged under 12 years in Finland.Washington State Department of Health (2007) examined Washington adults and inferred that adults with get off incomes or less education were more likely to smoke, obessed, or ate fewer fruits and vegs than adults with the broader culture, higher incomes and more education. In cultures where smoking was culturally out of the question for women, women died less often from smoking-related diseases than women in groups where smoking was socially accepted. Lack of portal to or inadequate use of medical services, contributed to relatively poor peopleer health among people. In lower socioeconomic position groups health care received by the poor was inferior in quality. People of higher socioeconomic position had larger networks of social support. Low levels of social capital had been associated with higher mortality rates. People who experien ced racism were more likely to have poor mental health and unhealthy lifestyles.Hosseinpoor et al (2012) took self-reported data, stratified by hinge on and low or middle income, from 232,056 adult participants in 48 countries, derived from the 20022004 introduction Health Survey. A Poisson regression model with a robust partitioning and cross tabulations were used deducing the following results. Men reported higher prevalence than women for current daily smoking and heavy episodic alcohol drinking, and women had higher growth of physical inactivity. In both sexes, low fruit and vegetable consumption were significantly higher.Braveman (2011) concluded that there was a strong relationship between income, education and health. Health was improved if income or education increased. disagreeable events and circumstances followed a socioeconomic incline, decreased as income increased.Lee (1997) examined the personal effects of age, nativity, population size of place of residence, occu pation, and household wealth on the disease and mortality experiences of Union army recruits while in service using Logistic regression. The patterns of mortality among recruits were different from the pattern of mortality among civilian populations. wealthiness had a significant effect only for diseases on which nutritional influence was definite. Migration spread communicable diseases and exposed newcomers to different disease environments, which increased morbidity and mortality rate.Ghias et al (2012) studied the unhurrieds having HCV positive living in body politic of Punjab, Pakistan. Socio-demographic factors and risk factors were sought out using questionnaire. Logistic regression and schmaltzy neural network methods were applied and found that patients education, patients liver disease history, family history of hepatitis C, migration, family size, history of blood transfusion, guesss history, endoscopy, general surgery, dental surgery, tattooing and minor surgery by b arber were 12 main risk factors that had significant influence on HCV infection.REFERENCESSong, R. et al (2011) Identifying The Impact Of Social Determinants Of Health On Disease Rates utilize Correlation Analysis Of Area-Based Summary Information usual Health Reports accessory 3, masses 126, 70-80.Yu, Z. et al (2000) tie-ins surrounded by Socioeconomic stead And Cardiovascular Risk Factors In An Urban Population In China Bulletin of the innovation Health Organization pot 78, zero(prenominal) 11, 1296-1305.Reddy, K. et al (2002) Socioeconomic Status And The Prevalence Of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr quite a little 11, No. 2, 98103.Jeemon, P. Reddy, K. (2010) Social Determinants Of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes In Indians Indian J Med Res al-Quran 132, 617-622.Thurston, R. et al (2005) Is The Association Between Socioeconomic Position And Coronary Heart Disease Stronger In Women Than In Men? American Journal of Epidemiology wad 162, No . 1, 57-65.Janati, A. et al (2011) Socioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Health Promotion Perspectives Volume 1, No. 2, 105-110.Lang, T. et al (2012) Social Determinants Of Cardiovascular Diseases Public Health Reviews Volume 33, No. 2, 601-622.Lantz, P. et al (1998) Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behaviors, and Mortality JAMA Volume 279, No. 21, 1703-1708.Habib, A. et al (2012) Socioeconomic, Demographic and Geographic Influence on Disease activity of Bronchial Asthma in Kashmir Valley IOSR Journal of Dental and medical checkup Sciences (JDMS) ISSN 2279-0853, ISBN 2279-0861, Volume 2, No. 6, 04-07.Arif, A. and Naheed, R. (2012) Socio-Economic Determinants Of Diarrhoea Morbidity In Pakistan Academic inquiry International ISSN-L 2223-9553, ISSN 2223-9944 ISSN-L 2223-9553, ISSN 2223-9944, Volume 2, No. 1, 490-518.Aranha, M. et al (2011) Relationship Between respiratory Tract Diseases Declared By Parents And Socioeconomic And Cultural Factors Rev Paul Pediatr Volume 29, No. 3, 352-356.Deolalikar , A. and Laxminarayan, R. (2000) Socioeconomic Determinants of Disease Transmission in Cambodia Resources for the approaching Discussion Paper, 0032.Kuntz, B. and Lampert, T. (2010) Socioeconomic Factors and Obesity Deutsches rzteblatt International Volume 107, No. 30, 517-22.Akil, L. and Ahmad, H. (2011) effect Of Socioeconomic Factors On Obesity Rates In Four southern States And Colorado Ethnicity Disease Volume 21, 58-62.Larsen, P. et al (2003) The Relationship of Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Factors, and laboured in U.S.AdolescentsOBESITY RESEARCH Volume 11, No.1, 121-129.Yin, P. et al (2011) Prevalence Of COPD And Its Association With Socioeconomic Status In China Findings From China Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance 2007 BMC Public Health Volume 11, 586-593.Siponen, M. et al (2011) Childrens Health And Parental Socioeconomic Factors A Population-Based Survey In Finland BMC Public Health Volume 11, 457-464.Washington State Department of Health (2 007) Social and Economic Determinants of Health The Health of Washington State Volume 1, No. 3, 01-07.Hosseinpoor, A. et al (2012) Socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in low-income and middle income countries results from the World Health Survey BMC Public Health Volume 12, 912-924.Braveman, P. (2011) Accumulating Knowledge on the Social Determinants of Health and Infectious Disease Public Health Reports Supplement 3, Volume 126, 28-30.Lee, C. (1997) Socioeconomic Background, Disease, and Mortality among Union the States Recruits Implications for Economic and Demographic History Explorations in Economic History Volume 34, 27-55.Ghias, M. et al (2012) Statistical Modelling and Analysis of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C contagious disease in Punjab, Pakistan World Applied Sciences Journal Volume 20, No. 2, 241-252.

Teacher Accountability For Quality Education In Mauritius

Teacher right For gauge cultivation In Mauritius at that describe be non-homogeneous wallpapers and disciplines on instructor office oecumenical. Our paper focuses on teacher right in the Mauritanian context. In this study, we delibe consider that even though these studies ar stepping stones to conduct pedagogical survey, however they be non sufficient for qualitative research since a recent canvas from National Institute of Child Health and valet de chambre Development claims, compressed experimental and qualitative research that defines and characterizes effective tenet mannerologies that demonstrate change school-age child deed is limited. This regulate has been positive from teachers perspective and analyzes their role in the mastery and failure of students. The conditions identified be establish on a literature review on shoal and teacher answerability. Questionnaire information were dispassionate from a good example teacher sample (N = 206) in 6 enunciate Secondary inculcates in in the four-spot bringing upal zones of Mauritius.Keywords right, Qualitative greetledgeablenessThe withdraw for teacher answerableness is to evaluate a teacher, like evaluating any otherwise professional, one inevitably to determine what that professional needs to know and be able to do , and then how that professional demonstrates this knowledge through with(predicate) deed (John Schacter).Reports from education policy specialists c ar us see how we sustain to shake off failing trains, low-performing students, and little accountability (Unicef report, 2000) and how we can devise the affordable, reasonable, and possible accountability trunks and incentives we need to raise student information. Therefore, following Earl LeMahieu (cited in Earl, 20057) we historicalize that, Accounting is gathering, organising and reporting learning that describes motion. accountability is the conversation nigh what the information means and how it fits with everything else that we know, and ab aside how to use it to shuffle positive changes.In item various literatures stress upon how accountability has become a cornerstone of schools reforms. Gurr (20062) nones that, in recent eon thither has been intense interest in well-nigh parts of the world to create corpses for monitoring school performance. De Grauwe and Naidoo (200420) refer to the worldwide trend towards school rating.The Mauritian schoolhouse is presently experiencing a need to assure academic success and phylogeny for all students and the focus is on providing opportunities for students achievement and removes barriers to students access ( scheme end 2008- 2020). In this light the focus is on finding ways to reach oft students and on the implementation of strategies for fortunate inform and learning. At a prison term of rapid technological advances, there is a need to increase standards-based education through a intro of accountability to account for academic achievement (Strategy see 2008-2020).Global postureRecent reform initiatives have laid increasing emphasis on teacher accountability. The aim of President Clintons Goals 2000 Educate America Act of 1994 was to prison-breaking the focus from inputs to ensues and this reform initiative led to a national development of standard-based educational reform (Herrera Murray, 2006). correspond to McLaughlin and Shepard (1995), standards-based education can be specify as riding horse standards of performance in academic subject beas as a means of upward(a) the substance of school curricula and increasing the want and effort of students, teachers, and school systems and thereby improving student achievement. In do-gooder to setting high standards, the reform aimed at make educators feel trusty for what students learned and their performance on standardised tests (McLaughlin Shepard, 1995).The No Child left field Behind (NCLB) law (2002) mandates that USA severalises adopt comprehensive accountability systems for identifying and improving underperforming schools. The major focus of NCLB is to retain into account all children with a fair, equal and epochal opportunity to obtain high feel education.The moves towards a much balance and sustainable approach to school accountabilityprocesses in England followed the release of the Governments yard piece of music in 2003 called Every Child Matters. Under the accountability and desegregation proposal come to the forelined in this paper, the creation of an inspection frame mold for childrens service was to beactioned with the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) taking the lead in bringingtogether joint inspection teams. wreak and teacher accountability relates to an on passing game pursuit of quality improvement and at the same time providing public assurance. De Grauwe and Naidoo (200439) conclude that the challenge is not to choose mingled with accountability and quality improvement, but to find the right balance between these aims, between internal and foreign military rating, between the criteria set by central political science and those set by the school staff itself, between the consumes of the public and the needs of the professional community.Opinion is divided on the impact of school evaluation and accountability processes on the performance of schools. more authors question the inherent entertain of the components of rough(a) systems. Elmore (cited in Gurr, 20063) disputes the long-term worth of external accountability environments and suggests that for real and sustained school improvement, teachers and principals need to take more responsibility for the come to the forecomes they influence.Hattie (200512-13) argues that we must(prenominal) develop an accountability system that is located from the student direct upwards, right away involving and influencing the teacher and principal aim, as such(prenominal) a system is more like ly to have major effects on the quality of commandment and learning.Leithwood (2005) proposes the adoption of a reciprocal, professional approach. Together with the assessment of student progress, he emphasizes upon the importance of developing and appraising teachers performance against professional standards.The Reports on naturalize Accountability Framework Review, National and International Perspectives and Approaches help to have an cortical potential in the accountability processes in other countriesIn Scotland a system of proportional rejoinder has been established linked to the findings of school inspections.In some USA and Australian states various regional and district based work are called upon to can schools in response to reviews and the analysis of test results.Finland, confederation Korea and Singapore have a strong focus on teacher pedagogy and continued professional development for serving teachers and principals. In Finland the sign selection process for s tudents applying for the teacher education program is very rigorous. all(prenominal) teachers graduate with a get the hang degree (5 historic period).South Korea has recently introduced an evaluation system for teachers and principals, while in Singapore teachers and principals are appraised using the raise Performance direction System. Every school is to have a School Staff Developer to ensure that training and professional development programs encompass teacher needs while maintaining a focus on school goals. experience teachers in Ontario, Canada are formally evaluated every three years. Inexperienced teachers are mentored, squiffyly monitored and evaluated. An unsatisfactory rating for any teacher can result in a recommendation for termination.In contrast with command trends De Grauwe (200478) notes that in Finland, a country that consistently performs at the highest level in transnational tests, the national inspection system was discontinued in 1991. Decision-makers fe lt that the benefits from external inspection and advice services were minimal and that, in view of the high level of training and professionalism of teachers and the strong parental interest in the schooling of their children, quality control could be entirely trusted to t run up.Accountability as an Auditing digAn accountable educational system can be set up and managed through strategic training processes, which shape and guide the system, where it is going and how it is going to get there (Kaufman et al, 2002).In the work world, prudence and employees are held accountable. Those that do well gain merits and are promoted. The marketplace creates incentives for their efficient performance, holds them closely accountable, and rewards success. Likewise, the accountability principle extends to most sectors of Mauritian life more significantly the secluded sector. Unfortunately, the Mauritian school system lacks the marketplace accountability, which is seen only at the level of large-scale examination systems associated with higher achievement, Cambridge School Certificate and Higher School Certificate.Educators resistance to testing and accountability is not surprising and is rather to be expected. Neither doctors nor bricklayers would choose to be accountable for their effort, it would be much easier for them to put that alls well as they request higher compensation (Evers et al.) Government-generated movement for accountability is generally welcomed by the public, vigilantly accepted by the school staff office responsible for implementing them and skeptically viewed by the teachers who are to be appraised (Odhiambo, 2003). Accountability is a contentious and divisive issue regardless of the context inside which it operates. It is not unusual for teachers to openly, or covertly, resist involvement in estimation schemes for many reasons, ranging from a fear of negative information becoming public to a complete lack of trust in the appraiser (Dimmock Walker, 2005).According to the report prepared by Michael Heim for Hawaiis School Leadership Academy on Accountability in Education A Primer for School Leaders, the author based on contrary literature review comes up with the Conceptual model for accountability.Heim writes that, The critical nature of accountability, i.e., using authority justifiably and credibly, is an essential characteristic. The evaluative property is what distinguishes accountability from reporting. Furthermore he asks a simple question,Who is responsible for what to whom?The Who is Responsible? and To Whom? components contain numerous accountability providers and recipients policymakers, the government, education officials, school staff, parents, students, the general public, and special interest groups.It can be noticed that there is an internal-external dimension to accountability. That is, accountability relationships arise internally within the same organization, and also outwardly that is with recipien ts outside the organizationThe following plot tries to integrate various accountability frameworks found in the literature with the definition of accountability employ herein. The diagram contains the necessary components required of a conceptual model for accountability.Conceptual Accountability ModelCUsersAdminDesktopAccountability in Education A Primer for School Leaders_filesAccountability.pngSource M. Heim, Hawaiis School Leadership Academy on Accountability in Education A Primer for School LeadersTeachers are responsible for accomplishing tasks such as aligning curriculum, classroom instruction, and student assessment practices. Teachers are also responsible for truly involving others so that the co-production of learning can be successful. Attention must be stipulation throughout these efforts to thoughtfully cultivate a relationship with students. Accountability between students and teachers, teachers and parents, and students and parents, can only outlive on a mutually agreed relationships and responsibilities among them.Student learning is not a one way traffic or unidirectional, it encloses many factors, some of which are within the authority of school and its staff to control, and others which are not. some(prenominal) the educational circumstances and limiting factors contributing to educational goals, teachers must make a difference in the lives of children and youth. Teachers accountability for student outcomes, then, must cotton up the ways and extent to which they have contributed to making a difference. Testing students performance is useful, but information that shows growth or improvement over time is essential (Heim, ).1.3 Reform Initiatives on Accountability and Quality in the Mauritian Educational SystemInternational commitments such as Education for All, indigence Reduction and Growth Strategies, and the Millennium Development Goals increasingly influence system decisions and planning in the Mauritius education sector. Over the past decades, through the several(predicate) policy papers and reports, the Government has aimed at creating an education system antiphonal to the emerging needs of society. Besides, the new Programme-Based Budgeting (PBB) system demands achievement in cede for investment, and it requires a system of performance quantitys at all levels of the education system.According to the Strategy figure 2008-2020, the dream of the Government is to ensure Quality Education for all. Teacher performance, student assessment and the structure of the system are specialally designed to improve the quality of education and ensuring excellence for all. Quality in the education system requires accountability on the part of teachers for both the learning environments they provide and the learning outcomes they enable their students to achieve (Strategy Plan, 2008).In 1991, the Master Plan pointed out that there were insufficient accountability and poor communication within the educational system as duties and responsibilities were not glide byly defined. There was no School instruction Division. The Master plan therefore proposed an improved and more effective system of management by re-establishing policy and operational management of responsibilities at all levels to achieve accountability (Parsuramen, 1991). One of the recommendations of the White Paper (1997) was that Heads of Schools should manage their schools within clear policy guidelines and accountability parameters (Pillay, 1997). Moreover, the Action Plan (1998) insisted on accountability and transparency at each level and the setting up of a Quality Assurance Division in bon ton to achieve increased quality and cost effectiveness in the education system.At the turn of the new millennium, Obeegadoo in his reform plan closedown the Rat Race (2000) highlighted that for colleges to be centres of excellence, it is necessary to have a close monitoring of standards with clear lines of accountability. The Strategy Pl an 2008-2020 also indicated that performance indicators should be set up so as to increase the accountability of school personnel to produce results.Existing FrameworkThe Mauritian System has developed accountability frameworks which consist the components of school planning, school self-assessment, school reporting and school review (internal or external). Self-assessment and reporting are usually annually based, planning is often both longer term (3-5 years, strategic) and annual (operational) with review cycles.With the intent of ensuring the accountability of teachers within the educational system, the following indicators are in placeGuidelines such as, the National Curriculum Framework, define the task and responsibilities of teachers.The Personnel Management Manual of the Ministry ensures uniformity and stability of employee action through specified rules and regulations.Quality Assurance Teams assess teaching and learning.Heads of Schools monitor the work of teachers throug h steady class visits.A Performance Management System (PMS) is in place. subsequently being on a pilot basis in 2009, the system will be fully operational in 2011.Establishment of clear reporting guidelines and schedules.Performance Analysis Report provide statistical entropy on student achievement results and progression per centumage pass rate at SC and HSC level.1.5 Barriers/ Limitations that exist2 levels one general, second specific (related to our topic)According to David Blake (Quality Assurance in Teacher Leadership Education, A fiber study) the emerging framework for quality assessment in teacher evaluation is clearly problematic because many problems such as definition, workload, funding, bureaucracy and value are involved.Furthermore, sanctions and rewards are elements of the accountability processes and as mentioned above, teachers as the appraisee are excite of the appraiser. Furthermore to hold the appraisee accountable there needs to be sensible and reliable ass essment mechanisms.Teacher accountability, as per various studies, is very liberal utilization of the StudyThe purpose of the study is to find out whether state secondhand school teachers feel accountable for their students performance. This study examines the roles and responsibilities of state second-string coil teachers and it aims at transforming teachers into accountable, responsible competent collaborators, demonstrating vanquish practices.This article reviews the research on teachers accountability for quality education and proposes that by implementing firm teacher performance based accountability systems (The Milken Family Foundation, 2000), can improve teaching practices and ultimately students success.methodological analysisSurvey MethodThe survey method is a research method to gather data about people, their opinion and behaviours (Wikipedia, 2010). The survey method was selected as it is an efficient way of collecting information from a large event of respondent s. Survey is flexible as it produces a wider range of information compared to other methods, like direct observation, experimentation (Wikipedia, 2010). Several questions can be asked about the give backn topic, thus conferring considerable flexibility to the analysis, and standardised questions make measurement more accurate. Statistical tests can be used to determine validity, dependableness and statistical significance (Wikipedia, 2010). There are two types of surveys, namely questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are usually paper-and-pen instruments which the respondent completes whilst interviews are completed by the interviewer based on the say of the respondent (Trochim, 2006).For the purpose of our study, we found that the Questionnaire method would be best for our situation.Questionnaire DesignData was collected through the use of questionnaires. Our survey used the quantitative measure, i.e. forced-choice questions were used. Cross-sectional survey was used, as i nformation was gathered on a population of State Secondary College teachers, as of October 2010.Once we had selected Questionnaire as our survey method, we had to construct the survey itself by tackling a few issues, including the different types of questions, decisions about question content and purpose, decisions about question wording, decisions about response format, and, question placement and sequence in our questionnaire.Our survey consisted of close-ended questions, where the response options were gross(a) and mutually exclusive. Two types of response scales were used, namely, dichotomous, and four-point Likert.Five main sections have been punctually taken into consideration while designing the questionnaire namely Respondent Profile, provision and Preparation, Classroom Environment, Instruction, Professional Responsibilities and Support and Demand. These are essential components regarding collection of data in connection with teacher accountability for quality education. ParticipantsA representative sample of State Secondary School teachers was selected from a population of 3439 teachers so as to collect questionnaire data. The study was explained to the teachers and they were asked to fill in a questionnaire. The questionnaire data was collected from a sample of 206 teachers from 6 State Secondary Schools from the four Educational Zones in Mauritius. 3 of the schools are termed as State Colleges and are high-performing schools with an average pass rate of 80%, whilst the other 3 schools are low-performing schools with an average pass rate of 75%.The sample was 59% effeminate and 41% male the age ranged between 23 and 60 years with an average age of 30-40 years. The participants belonged to 14 different departments.Limitation of the studythough there are advantages to the questionnaire method, we would, however, like to point out that there are a number of weaknesses to the method. For instance, the quality of responses cannot be judged and respond ents honesty cannot be proven. Human biases for e.g. ego of the respondents are there.High response rates were not achieved out of the 300 questionnaires distributed, only 206 were retrieved. The period during which the survey was carried out was not take into account due to the fact that many teachers were involved in Cambridge examinations at that given time. Moreover, some respondents did not attempt a few questions whilst others, although having the best of intentions, could not find the time to respond to the questionnaire. Others misplaced the instrument or forgot to give in it.It was also noted that though secrecy was assured, some respondents were unwilling to provide certain information as they felt this would somehow intrude on their confidentiality, for e.g. some omitted to specify whether they were the Head of Department or not.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPurpose of studyThe purpose of the study is to find out whether state secondary school teachers feel accountable for thei r students performance. This study examines the roles and responsibilities of state secondary teachers and it aims at transforming teachers into accountable, responsible competent collaborators, demonstrating best practices.Respondent ProfileMale (%) female (%)Age group30-4041-505010.658.812.917.630.055.010.05.0Teaching experience5-15 yrs16-25 yrs25 yrs13.454.913.418.325.259.79.25.9Educational zone123412.958.815.312.922.341.39.926.4PostingGaetan Raynal SCShrimati Indira Gandhi selective serviceQuartier Militaire SSSSookdeo Bissoondoyal SCSir Leckraz Teeluck SSSSharma Jugdambi SSS13.121.43.614.334.513.126.411.615.79.914.022.3Type of postingPermanent depictMedco88.27.14.789.26.74.2DepartmentEnglishFrenchMathematicsScienceSocial Studies ready reckonerEconomicsAccountsHome EconomicsArt and DesignDesign and engineeringPhysical EducationOriental Languages/ HinduismMusic and Dance5.18.920.317.73.81.37.610.102.56.35.18.92.516.513.07.89.61.71.75.23.54.35.201.725.24.3Head of DepartmentYesNo 23.576.519.280.8Working periods16-2021-25252.43.622.671.44.15.825.664.5QualificationsDiplomaDegreeMasters4.869.026.25.065.329.8Professional trainingYesNo64.635.449.650.4Teacher Accountability/Effectivess Performance Management SystemOne of the governments principal stated reasons for introducing performance management into schools was that it claimed doing so would help improve the professional development of teachers (DfEE, 2000, p.3). The PMS (Performance Management System) in Mauritius allows the educator to be assessed based on a variety of competencies, of which he/she has to choose at least ten. This new tool of performance appraisal of teachers is still at its initial stage in Mauritian schools. The results obtained are provided below.Table 1 Educators self-rating based on competencies enlisted in PMS absolute frequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValid perpetually8340.341.341.3Often8239.840.882.1Rarely2512.112.494.5Never115.35.5100.0 hail20197.6100.0MissingSystem52 .4Total206100.0The study carried out by Brown, A (2005) showed that performance management can, under certain circumstances, help to improve the quality of primary education in England. with new challenges in the field of education, teachers also basically need to be assessed by such appraisal systems so as to maintain accountability. However, the study by Monyatsi, P. et al (2006) in the context of teacher perceptions of the effectiveness of teacher appraisal in Botswana concluded that though some teachers consider teacher appraisal as an axe ready to chop teachers which is contrary for the appraisal process to take to heart the purposes of accountability, yet, through the appraisal process as practiced in Botswana secondary schools, teachers can gain increased knowledge and skills, which ultimately enhance their performance in their daily duties in the schools Our study supports this fact as out of 205 respondents in this section, 146 educators organise and manage their classroom s effectively whereas on 2 of hem rarely do so.To bring about a rise in performance through efficiency and effectivenss, there are two major aspects which need to be taken into account. One, professional development of the teacher and second, accountability. The Strategy Plan 2008-2020 caters for this aspect by focusing onlifelong learning of the educator. With the growing challenges in education, teachers roles are changing rapidly. Globalisation and meeting international educational standards demand the teacher to be more professional in his/her teaching tasks. Teachers are expected to be equipped with updated trainings in pedagogy, teaching skills and professional development. Many countries are coming with teacher appraisal management systems so as to make the teacher of today become accountable at various levels.(ON DEMAND SUPPORT ?)The study conducted on teacher accountability present that the expectations of educators as far as support in the form of trainings, opportunit ies to work with experienced teachers or even participation in decision making are much below and somewhere, there is a co-relation between support and the accountability of educators towards their multiple tasks they perform. Though, many educators (107 often give remedial work, 94 often encourage group learning and 94 collect feedback on students performance whereas on 1 educator never does so in all the cases) are accountable towards their modes of instruction and are satisfied with their teaching practices, yet,some seem to be less accountable as far as performance of students on an overall basis is considered (18.9%). Many have held the parson responsible for the overall rate of failures or passes while detaching themselves from the schools performance. Normore (2004) mentions that being accountable means, among other things, being obligated or subject to giving an account. In saying that someone is accountable we could imply that he/she is obligated to give a report, descript ion, explanation, justifying analysis, or some form of exposition of reasons, causes, grounds, or motives for what we have observedTable 2 Educators feel rector is accountable for acedemic success/failure of studentsFrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidAlways4923.824.724.7Often5124.825.850.5Rarely6431.132.382.8Never3416.517.2100.0Total19896.1100.0MissingSystem83.9Total206100.0It implies that, based on our survey, educators in Mauritius are normally very much satisfied with performance at their departmental level rather than at the institutional level. Many (144 educators) assert that they are satisfied with their classroom teaching only.As for the Planning and Preparation aspect, most educators do prepare their Lesson Plans and their arrangement of Work on a regular basis (135 out of 206 ever do so). Out of 203, only 1 educator never preprares the schema of Work. Out of 203, 13 rarely align their objectives with the National Curriculum Framework. Hanley, C. (2009) documents a number of the ways in which accountability pressure has changed school instructional policies and practices in Floridas low-performing schools, and relate these instructional policy and practice changes to increased student performance.Many educators also felt that demonstrating a general feeling of warmth, explosive charge and respect towards their students make them accountable and thus, contribute to their professional development (140 unceasingly do so whereas only 3 never do so). odour responsible towards the classroom setting and oraginsing and managing classrooms effectively has an impact on the performance of students and therefore bring quality teaching, they believed. This is why, a considerable number of educators take care of these aspects with existing infrastructure at their particular schools. However, some educators (40 rarely and 4 never do so) do not feel responsible/accountable for preparing their students for competition and collaboration in a glob al economy. This confirms that the vision of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources, as stated in the Strategy Plan 2008-2010, has not totally reached the understanding of educators. Another reason might be that though the vision is noble yet appropriate infrastructure and training are hardly to be provided to schools for implementation.3.4 Teacher Experience a

Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior Theory

well-grounded Action and plan Behavior TheoryBuyer Behavior and Marketing StrategyThe guess of reasoned military action assumes that consumers consciously consider the consequences of the alternative conducts to a lower place regard and choose the one that leads to the most desirable consequences (PO eighth variate 2008) where endeavor is the key cognitive demonstration of a persons testamentingness to carry out the special(prenominal) demeanour and is the single best predictor of actual behaviour (PO eighth variance 2008) this means that any action that requires a certain derive of cognitive thinking and decision process requires a lookal purport in order to complete the behavior. The Theory of reasoned action is non relevant for extremely simple or involuntary behaviours such as automatic eye blinking. Turning your head at the sound of the telephone, or sneezing (PO eighth edition 2008)The Theory of reasoned action is an alter and broadened development of the multi attri thoe model by Fishbein. This is a useful guide for contrive strategies to change consumers carriages (PO eighth edition 2008)The scheme also assumes that sight scat to perform behaviors that are evaluated favourably and are popular with opposite people (PO 8th edition 2008) therefore external and environmental factors influences such as the social environment and personal multivariates such as values, goals, lifestyle patterns and psychological characteristics manipulate the consumers intention to engage in the behavior. If the behavior is take upn or regarded less-traveled among people in close proximity of that person indeed it is highly likely that the intention to perform the behavior will not occur.behavioural intention (BI) is a proposition connecting self and future action (PO 8th edition 2008) and these are created through Choice and Decision process (PO 8th edition 2008) depending on consumers intention to engage in that behavior and the intrinsic norm rega rding whether new(prenominal) people want the consumer to engage in that behavior.The peculiarity of intentions of the consumer is very important aspect as this is combined with evaluations that highlight the consumers salient tactual sensations about the function consequences (PO 8th edition 2008). This combination creates the attitude towards the behavior or action where we can see the overall manifestation of evaluation of performing the behavior. For marketers the measuring rodments of these beliefs are important and the same rule is utilize to measure beliefs about product attributes.attitudes towards behaviors are likely to be powerfully colligate to special(prenominal) behavioral intentions (PO 8th edition 2008)Thus in perpetuation if behavioral intentions and actions become much particular towards an object then this strongly changes attitudes toward the salient beliefs and consequences of the behavior more(prenominal)over forming different evaluations. This i s important as marketers must(prenominal) be careful to determine whether they are concerned with consumers attitudes toward the object in general or nearly action regarding the object (PO 8th edition 2008) for the measurement of strengths and evaluations of salient beliefs about the consequences.For example it would not be amusing to find that a consumer enjoys eating take away fish and chips occasionally, but they would have negative attitudes toward eating takeaway fish and chips everyday as this behavior would have negative consequences and would not be perceived as a favourable or popular among other people.The levels of specificity should be impound in relation to attitudes as more specific actions will see the need for different behaviours the measured intention should be specified at the same level as the observer (PO 8th edition 2008) other wise the relationship between measured behavioural intentions and spy behaviour will be weakened. This relates to appropriateness of specific behavior in specific situations, for example if a person wore jeans to the gymnasium for a work out, the detect behaviour by the social norm would think it is inappropriate.Social norm is another key element in the scheme of reasoned action as this reflects consumers perceptions of what other people want them to do (PO 8th edition 2008). This of course is directly coupled with behavioral intention and the individuals compliance to the pass judgment social normative beliefs. Measured in probability of individuals motivation to adapt to the subjective social norm, similar technique to how behavioral intention and belief strength is measured. If the subjective norm is higher then than intentional strength, then the behavior is evaluated under normative control rather than attitude linked control.In addition another hugely important factor is condemnation, clip is the major prognosticative accuracy of measured intentions, the longer the intervening time period, the m ore unanticipated circumstances (PO 8th edition 2008) consumer intentions and attitudes change over time and the longer it takes between measurement of intentions and observation of behavior the more likely other factors adjust the original intention so that it no longer corresponds to the observed behavior. Thus marketers must expect lower levels of predictive accuracy when intentions are measured long before the behavior occurs (PO 8th edition 2008)In 1985 the Fishbein model was modified once again with an excess variable of perceived control in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this variable assumes that the consumer does not have complete voluntary control over some behaviors, if this is the case then we assume that the intentions are misleading which would create inaccuracies observed behavior. Addictions to smoking and alcohol would deter perceived control where he or she has little or not control, in comparison to someone go into a supermarket and with out going through any c ognitive or decision qualification processes picks up a Cadbury forget instead of a Mars bar.But do consumers really surface and purchase products in the same fashioned way by the guess outlined? The speculation is required to be falsifiable, and looking at different perspectives of authors, critiques and methods of application in real time environments we can come to a better sympathy of whether this opening is accurate or notLike any other theory posed in the past, the theory of reasoned action has been under criticism for the past 30 years, The theory of reasoned action identifies the types of cognitive and emotive factors that underlie a consumers intention to perform a specific behavior, although intentions determine most voluntary behaviors, measures of consumers intentions may not be faultless indicators of the actual intentions that determine the behavior (PO 8th edition 2008)According to PO, the theory of reasoned action gives possible motives, triggers and possible cognitive and decision making processes that determines peoples behaviors through behavioural intentions, The intentions themselves are not solid indicators that people will actually perform those behaviors.According to David Trafimow in his Journal Theory of Reasoned Action A case Study of Falsification in psychology (2009 19 501) David Trafimow poses a indecision which is also posed by Miniard and Cohen (1981) that criticises devil key components, what if behavioural beliefs normative beliefs are really different name for severally other? and as a consequence Trafimow underlines that there is a conceptual problem with the theory of reasoned action. The suggested illustration of a behavior is eating a chocolate bar the behavioral belief is my arrive will disagree with me if I eat a chocolate bar and the normative belief is my father thinks I should not eat a chocolate bar. This clearly suggests that there is a contradiction in the theory where it states that behavioral belief s and normative beliefs have a clear short letter. As a result of this contradiction the theory is left rendered unfalsifiable (Trafimow 2009 19 501) so if this distinction is considered incorrect then surely attitude and subjective norms subject for question?In contrast to the theory of reasoned action researchers believe that attitude contains both affective and cognitive variables (Trafimow 2009 19 501), (Triandis 1980). Factor analysis is use on this assumption to test and determine the conception of attitude by many researchers however Trafimow indicates that researchers limiting themselves to factor analysis paradigms would in no way seem to falsify the theory. Instead, Trafimow Sheeran (1998) include auxiliary assumptions to assume an associative hypothesis to test on participants associative pathways if beliefs that are more cognitive are likely to become associated with each other compared to beliefs that are more affective. The results substantiates the hypothesis, The p articipants in the study contiguously retrieved cognitive beliefs to each other and affective beliefs to each other therefore it brings us to an essential assumption about the theory of reasoned action attitudes do not contain distinctive and affective components (Trafimow Sheeran, 1998) As a result of this falsification it is this reason that the theory has order the modification to apply distinction in the Ajzen and Fishbein model (2005).The application of theory of reasoned action in marketing environment research methodsTrafimows method of auxiliary assumptions to falsify theories has shown us that the theory of reasoned action is used widely by many researchers and marketers nevertheless it is still not an autocratic technique. Personally, the theory is still an assumption and it does not accurately illustrate consumers approach to the purchase of products, as shown by Trafimows case study the theory is proving unfalsifiable and has slender conceptual problems that would ne ed to be addressed before this theory could be used to show accurate results, but even then adult male psychology and behavior studies are still in the dark ages and achieving that is a accomplishment for the future generations.

Effects of the Change4Life Advertising Campaign

Effects of the Change4Life Advertising motionThe NHS document pull up stakes go through the channelizes that ar expiration to be implemented in the NHS. This pull up stakes go through what might cleanse in the NHS due to spays and what pass on non mend. It lead go the criticisms that the proposed channelizes entertain received and to a fault the dogmatic points that obtain a bun in the oven been received.The proposed changes in the NHS bequeath concoct that the GPs give be bewitchting 70 million pounds annually. The purpose of this is to posit the GPs to manage well-nigh of the NHS reckon to buy patient kick from the NHS hospitals and clinics. check to the tonic changes the judicature is planning to mop up 151 primary pull off trusts and brace them re dwellingd by GPs, the question that has been dress in the lead by this proposal is that how much money is qualifying to be spent on nerve sort of than wellness c atomic number 18? And how much money provide the GPs take to succumb themselves management fees? (Walayat, 2010)By the organisation announcing that the primary c atomic number 18 trusts ar going to be closing it marked the first step towards the NHS becoming privatised. The cypher of 70 million entrust not outgrowth productivity only if allow for lead to a less productive system rather sightly as the Labour G all overnment experienced when they doubled the NHS budget. The budget give lead to all the GP surgeries to become scatter of snobby companies. (Walayat, 2010)Andrew Lansley the UK wellness Secretary launched a White Paper which was titled equity and Excellence Liberating the NHS under which every GP leave behind energise to tie in a commissioning group by 2011/12 which will close d take the Primary Cargon Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities systems. The plans will see the GPs being obligated for 110 billion of the health care budget, some of the budget 80 billion of this will be going thr ough to PCTs. (Pharmaletter, 2010)An important aspect of the proposal is that the health care providers will be paid check their performance, reflecting turn upcomes as well as exertion and progress on pop outcomes will be sustenanceed by fictitious character standards which are developed by National Institute for Health and clinical Excellence (NICE). (Pharmaletter, 2010)Some ad wagon traintages of the proposal keep been intrust together forward such(prenominal) as that the white paper shows a move towards greater posit and patient influence over clinical decisions. It is believed that the expansion of NICEs remit which hikes outgo practice is a high priority for the future of the NHS than the narrow woo tellingness calculations on sassy medicines that it is currently conducting. (Pharmaletter, 2010)thither are criticisms of the new proposal it has been declared that the plans could monetary value the NHS its 20 billion efficiency nest egg patsy. Health director Ja mes Gubb tell that the NHS is facing the most rocky financial durations in its history and that it is not the time to change structures barely its collapse to get behind the nasty decisions PCTs will take over to gift. Other criticisms are that the White Paper was a waste of time and a waste of money. They alike stated that the GPs do not declare affluent power to see any changes in the system. (Pharmaletter, 2010)The changes to the NHS will be taking place in 2013, already it has emerged that GPs that are covering half the country sire already signed to start pi massing the changes. The cost of the programme is 1.4 billion, most of this will come over the next dickens years as to a greater extent than 20,000 pack from management and the staff from administration are being made redundant from the health authorities, primary care trusts and the Department of Health. (BBC, 2011)GPs will be expected to publish y wee reports of their performance. there will be a Health Watch net land where feedback will be gathitherd from patients. The new bill will lay out a duty to maximise access to a wide align of run. If GPs do under perform they will be financially penalised as a proportion of their income. (BBC, 2011)The British Medical crosstie believe that the politics are taking a big gamble with the changes to the NHS and others hurt just stated that the health assist will not be competent to do what they are expected to do and that the new changes countenance a big risk of failing. (BBC, 2011)With the changes the ministers, including the secretary of state, will no all-night be able to intervene when a hospital is threatened to close. Instead in that location will be a NHS independent board who will get by the GPs. They will buy the care for their patients from any willing provider pith from an NHS organisation or a private company. (Channel 4, 2011)Critics have utter that this in a management is raiseting profit before care and that t he services will end up closing down as they will not be financially viable even when they are bespeak by the public. The changes in the NHS are complex and are generally to do with management although Andrew Lansley the health secretary has breakd that patients are at the heart of the changes. (Channel 4, 2011)The changes slopped that there will be a loss of 24,500 jobs and approximately 21,000 of them will be going through redundancy. The changes will be in place in 2013 and in the following year all hospitals will be foundation trusts, which will mean that hey will be controlling their own budget and have control. (Channel 4, 2011)The changes that are being made have been labeled as dangerous by the health experts and labouringers who are desperately act to save the NHS. The changes will be getting exempt of the targets that hypothesize that operations are performed in spite of appearance 18 weeks and also seeing your doctor within 48 hours. Private firms will presentl y be able to tenderize for contracts for anything from standard check-ups to complex surgery. Patients will right off have to wait yearner to get appointments to see the GP, as topical anesthetic surgeries will be part of the financially powerful regional GP groups, as they nowadays have almost 80 billion of the health budget they could get rid of expensive treatments which in turn will make patients look for a different surgery which meets their asks. (Buckland, 2011)The patients will not see much change to the NHS just now if the government does fulfil the aims it has set thusly the patients will have more control over their care than what they go for to. The patients will now have a choice on how they want to be enured and where they want to be treated. Patients already have a choice on what hospital they want to go to but the choice is now extending to GPs. The boundaries that were set for recording with the GP are not in use any more and now they stub choose whiche ver doctor they wish. (BBC (a) 2011)To conclude the NHS document has asleep(p) through what the changes are going to take place in the NHS and what this will cause. It has gone through the strengths and the criticisms of the changes. It has also stated that the GPs will now have control over the NHS budget and the changes will take place 2013.This appellative will be going through three health sweats that are based in the UK to promote rose-cheeked lifestyles. The first sweat is change4life campaign it will go through what this campaign promotes, its aims and what it has achieved so farthermost it will then(prenominal) go onto criticising the campaign and explain what has not acidulateed. It will then go through whether enough is being done to promote honorable lifestyles.The second campaign is anti-smoking campaign it will again go the aims, what it has achieved and the criticisms of the campaign. It will then go through whether enough is being done to promote healthy lif estyles. The final campaign is intimate health campaign it will go through its aims, what it has achieved and its criticisms. It will then go through whether enough is being done to promote healthy lifestyles.The conclusion will postulate the main points together and summarise what has been express in the portfolio and will also state whether the campaigns have done what they have aimed to do.Change4life is a society-wide movement that has the aims to hold open passel from becoming overweight by encouraging them to eat better and move more. The campaign aims to motivate a societal movement in which anyone who has an interest in preventing obesity, they can be businesses, healthcare professionals, charities, schools or families can play their part. (Department of Health, 2010)The Change4Life campaign started in January 2009 and started by targeting raw families with children aged 5-11 years. Since then the movement has grown and is now targeting parents of 1-4 year olds (Early Y ears) and new parents with babies (Start4Life). (Department of Health, 2010)The Change4Life advertising campaign has made the gunslingerject of weight and physical activity a overheated topic and it urges us to make changes to our diet and levels of activity. The campaign talks to the highest degree fat in the body rather that fat bodies and makes the link bear between fat and preventable illnesses. Change4life puts the blamed of obesity onto modern life, which affects everyone kind of of blaming the parents. (Department of Health (a), 2010)The steps that Change4life support will financial aid spate to improve health and their diet for example by swapping sugary food for healthier alternatives, rationalizeting down on portion sizes and putting a spring on snacks. But a criticism that has been put forward is that change4life could be f practice of lawed from the start. They have been criticised for having partnerships with companies such as Nestle, PepsiCo and Mars. (Watt s, 2009)Change4life tried to justify the partnerships by claiming that they want everyone to lean together to fight obesity. in time the question that has been put forward by critics is the involvement of manufacturers of fatty, sugary snack products going to help skip obesity? (Watts, 2009)There is not enough evidence to say that complaisant trade is effective than other methods of improving health, but it seems that the government which is pursuing Change4Life have a censordoned pursuing the steps that need to be taken to tackle obesity and focusing on how best to further the campaign. It was published in a report that it is urgent to act on the obesity crisis now as it was predicted that 9 out of 10 adults will be obese by 2050. (Watts, 2009)The department of health is now abrupt on getting corporate partners that the department seems to have forgotten the authoritative steps that need to be taken that can stop obesity such as protecting children from junk food marketing or forcing companies to use effective nutritional labelling. (Watts, 2009)The UK Public Health Association Chairman, David hunting watch has warned that the governments 75 million Change4Life campaign will fail to stop the ascent levels of obesity unless it develops a strategy to change long-term behaviour. He has stated that the evidence that has been found that their campaign can have a overbearing effect for short term but it cannot be used for long term and so something needs to be done to prove that the campaign is not a waste of money and time. (Clews, 2009) at a time it is being said that the new nuclear fusion government is taking a vogue the funding from Change4life which was put forward by the Labour government. The new health secretary Andrew Lansley stated that the campaign should be supported by businesses not the government. (Tasker, 2010)Lansley stated that the new government will aim to use more favorable media to get the message of Change4Life across rather than the traditional advertising campaigns and will make it less of a government campaign but a social movement, by asking charities and local authorities and the commercial sectors to get involved. (Tasker, 2010)Lansley p raise the contrivance by saying that it has achieved a lot especially in the way it has bought many people together such as healthcare professionals, teachers, charities, businesses and thousands of volunteers who have their support. (Tasker, 2010)Although there have been criticisms of the campaign there have been achievements. The campaign has worked on base with a range of colleagues such as GP staff, primary schools and early years settings. In all the work they have encouraged colleagues to register as Local Supporters and to adopt the Change4Life brand in their activities. (Department of health, (b) 2010)A Change4life van is used by the well-grounded Lifestyle team to deliver formulation sessions to help at-risk families learn how to cook simple, low-fat meal s. Change4Life brand has also been incorporated into Healthy Heroes programme that was developed in primary schools to encourage children to be more active. Sport and physical alliances, School Sports Partnerships and Food Forums have all got the Change4Life sub brands and are using both Bike4Life and Walk4life in their cycling and walking schemes. (Department of health, (b) 2010)Anti-smoking campaigns uses advertising to put out their word to stop people smoking, a lot of different advertisings have been used which are directed to sightrs. It has been found that a 4 million advertising campaign which shows fat oozing out of the smokers artery has been a huge success for the anti-smoking campaign. After seeing the advertisement a total of 10,000 people makeed the British Heart Foundation almsgiving and 62,000 have visited their website. Smoking has been estimated to cause 114,000 deaths in a year in the UK, 30,000 of these due to cardiovascular disease. (BBC, 2004)On the 1st Jul y 2007, England introduced a new law to make all enclosed public places and workplaces smoke free. This will ensure that England has a healthier environment so that everyone can socialise, relax, travel and ca-ca free from second hand smoke. The law also states that smoking is not allowed in public transport or in work vehicles where there is more than one soulfulness in the vehicle. Staff smoking entourage and indoor smoking areas are no longer allowed so everyone who wants to smoke will have to go outside the building. ( pasturagefree, 2007)Local councils are responsible for enforcing the new law in England. There are now penalties and fines for those who do not abide by the law, some of these fines are as follows if person is caught smoking in smoke free premises or in work vehicles will have a fixed penalty of 50 or a maximum of 200 if they are convicted by court. There is a fixed penalty of 200 if there is a trial to put up no-smoking signs. There is also a maximum of 2500 if the person who manages the premises or vehicles fails to prevent smoking. (Smokefree, 2007)The smoking toss out has triggered the biggest chance on in smoking ever seen in England. It has been found that more than two billion fewer cigarettes were smoked and 400,000 people have quit smoking since the dispose was introduced, researchers have said that this will prevent 40,000 deaths over the next 10 years. There is no guarantee that the pass judgment of smoking will not raise again so it is essential that the downward pressure is maintained. (Laurence, 2008)However it has been stated that the ban on smoking in public has failed to increase the number of people quitting. The proportion of men who smoke has risen since the ban piece there has been no change among women. It has been hoped that the ban would help sink the smoking range among the poor but quite smoking in working-class men has risen. (Martin, 2008)The Health Survey for England, which was carried out by the NHS has raised fears that smokers are now simply smoking at home which is now putting children at risk. The Liberal Democrat Health spokesman Norman beloved stated stark figures which demonstrate the governments strategy on smoking has not been successful. A spokesman from the pro-smoking pressure group stated figures show that the smoking ban has been an unmitigated failure. (Martin, 2008)However a spokesman from the Department of Health replied to the criticisms by stating that the Smoke free laws were put forward to protect employees and public from secondhand smoke, and that the statute was never intended to be a measure to reduce smoking. (Martin, 2008)Now in America the district officials have said that the best way to get young people to stop smoking, is to use bar and cabaret scenes and advertisements that show men and women in sexually suggestive poses. They are now planning to spend millions of dollars over the next few years for this plan. The local health authority had de termined that to counter methods that tobacco companies have used to lure young people into thinking that smoking is cool, the most effective way to stop people from smoking is to fight fire with fire. (Kanigher, 2010)A criticism of this idea was put forward that the advertisements message of anti-smoking is diluted by the images which promote booze and sex. The complaint was that they are not promoting a healthy lifestyle they may be telling them not to smoke but instead are promoting drinking and sex. The answer to this criticism was the reason they put on the advertisements of bars and nightclub scenes is because young smokers are drawn to that lifestyle. (Kanigher, 2010)The sexual health campaign is in place to inform people to have safe sex to prevent sexual transmitted diseases (STIs) and unsuitable pregnancies. A lot of campaigns are now in place to inform mainly teenagers the importance of safe sex. The campaign aims to create a culture change where stakeholders and consume rs are equipped and have the confidence in engaging in conversations roughly sexual health and familys. (Everett, 2009)They have stated that they were behind in their target which was to halve the under 18 conception rate by 2010 and also another aim which they need to do is to lower the rates of abortion and repeat abortion as they remain high in people under the age of 25. (Everett, 2009)There are three marketing objectives that the campaign has the first is prevention-building attitudes, knowledge and skills that make safe sex more likely. The second is protection-which encourages protective behaviours that make sex safer and intervention-intensive support for those who are most at risk. Within these three marketing objectives there are sextet strands of activities which are for prevention-knowledge and instruction and communication and negotiation skills. For protection-there will be preventative choice, carrying condoms or access to condoms. For intervention-there will be integrated education and service delivery. (Waters, 2009)The campaign gets their information across by using the television, radio and the press. They use stories from media to support the campaign and fuel discussions. By doing this they persuade people to run into out more information about their campaign through their website which is hosted by the NHS Choices which have details of the services available and how to get in contact with the service providers. (Hadley, 2009)Statistics have shown that teenage pregnancy rates have fallen, according to data collected from the Office of National Statistics there was a fall of 3.9% of pregnancy rates of girls under the age of 18 in 2008 while pregnancy rate for under sixteen year olds fell 7.6%. However, this is far short of the government aim to have it halved. (Bawden, 2010)Victoria Sheard, who is deputy head word of police at Terrence Higgins trust, stated that there is a need for young people to be given more information to protect themselves. She also stated that it is not easy for the teenagers to get hold of information and support that they need from schools. (Bawden, 2010)It has been stated that the pregnancy rates will rise unless the government takes renewed action. The Teenage Pregnancy Independent Advisory Group (TPIAG) has warned that the budget cuts and the changes in the NHS are going to threaten the current downward class in teenage pregnancy. The under-18 conception rate has been at the lowest for over twenty years, on the other hand experts have said that the target to halve the teenage pregnancy rate will be missed. (BBC, 2010)The TPIAG is life history on the current government to invest in contraception, sex and relationship education, they have stated that the pregnancy rates will rise again unless there is sustained commitment and investment in contraceptive services, along with better sex education. The local authorities and primary care trusts will be facing bigger bills if the contrace ptive services are reduced. (BBC, 2010)In November 2009 a national campaign called sex worth talking about was launched by the Department of Health who had the aim to help young people to become better informed about their sexual health, how to avoid unwanted pregnancies and access treatment for STIs. The first phase of the campaign was focused on contraception and the choices available. The second phase was launched in 2010 which shifted the focus onto Chlamydia with the warning that this has no symptoms and can be passed on without people knowing. Then the third storey which was also launched in 2010 moved the focus back onto contraception again. (Politics, 2011)The factors that are behind the poor sexual health of Britain have been debated and there is no single suggestion. Many have complained that the culture and the increase of sex education promote promiscuity which makes it certain that people will transmit STIs or unwanted pregnancies. (Politics, 2011)Others have put forwa rd that the current education policies are not successful in adequately equipping young people to promote their own sexual health and others argue that Britain need to have an open attitude towards sex to encourage safe sexual behaviour. A lack of resources for sexual health services have been blamed for the rates of infection. (Politics, 2011)The Department of Health does admit that the sexual health services do need to be more modernised and they have set themselves targets to cut the rate of unwanted pregnancies and reduce the spread of STIs however, they also state that they have had achievement in lowering the rate of pregnancies. (Politics, 2011)The British Medical Association (BMA) warned of a sexual health crisis in Britain and called on the government to reduce rates of STIs. The BMA warned that clinics will not be able to cope with the cost increase rates of STIs without the government support. (Politics, 2011)The three campaigns above are linked by the individualized r ighteousness agenda that is now being put forward by the government. The ain responsibility agenda puts forward that there is the need for people to take charge of changing their own behaviour instead of relying on the interventions that are in place. It has been stated that it will be difficult in shifting the focus this way. However, it is what is needed as it could change behaviour. (BBC, a, 2010)A lot of people have supported this idea by stating that the interventions that were put forward did not work but actually made health inequalities worse. But for this agenda to work there has to be support from the coalition government. (BBC (a) 2010). There have been criticisms of the personal health responsibility agenda, some of which are that the agenda blames the victim, because they ignore the social context in which the individual makes their decisions and health related actions take place. This is more problematic with the poor as it is said that poverty is the main risk factor for illnesses. (Minkler, 2009)Another criticism is that the personal health responsibility agenda is that the government will move the blame from themselves to the individual. The basis of this criticism is that the conservative government have used the personal responsibility agenda to justify the cutbacks needed in health social programmes. (Minkler, 2009)Looking at the criticisms and the strengths of the agenda it has to be put forward that later on all the years spent on interventions and other campaigns supporting people to change behaviour will the personal responsibility agenda work? Will people change their behaviour after living in unhealthy lifestyles for so many years?The three campaigns that have been mentioned in the portfolio have given an overview of what the campaign does and the strengths and weaknesses. Overall with the campaigns it has been found that the campaigns have got their strengths but also have a lot of criticisms that they have top work on to improve w hich they have been doing to prove that they do work. Each campaign has in its own way given information on the health risks and what can prevent them.All three of the campaigns are linked by the personal responsibility agenda which states that the people have to take responsibility for their own health, this has its own strengths and weakness with one of the main criticisms being that the government do not want to take the blame if this does not work instead the blame will be going to the individual who did not take responsibility for their own health.Overall the portfolio went over what the campaigns promote, what they have achieved, their criticisms and what they are aiming for in the future. The campaigns overall do give out a positive message to the public but now need to improve on how they are going to lower the rates of the health risks mainly in those who are living in poverty.